论汉隋间法律文明的转型--以汉隋间的四部《刑法志》为主线

The Transformation of Legal Civilization between Han and Sui Centering on the Four Chronicles on Criminal Law between Han and Sui

《汉书•刑法志》《晋书•刑法志》《魏书•刑罚志》《隋书•刑法志》既勾勒出秦汉直至隋代这一历史阶段法律发展的宏观景象,又记载了当时法律实践的诸多细节。秦尊法家、汉承秦制后,已经建立起形式法律观。西汉中期以降,儒家法律思想的主导地位逐渐确立,实质法律观逐渐形成。自汉末至晋隋时期,法律儒家化不断加深,由此建立起系统的儒家式君臣法律观和家族主义法律观,并对法律的本体、内容以及形式等产生深刻影响。但实质法律观的内在缺陷,使得法律规范内部冲突不断,司法自由裁量权被滥用,法律实践的正义性存在不足,因此产生法律观再一次转型的内在需求。儒、法法律观由此再呈融合趋势,并建立起法律文本儒家化、司法实践法家化的新形式法律观。这一法律观对隋唐之后的法律秩序、法权关系以及法律稳定性颇具历史影响。

The treatises on punishment and law inside "The Book of Han""The Book of Jin""The Book of Wei" and "The Book of Sui" are amongst the most important historical writings that record the legal development from Qin and Han to Sui. They not only depict magnificent evolvement of laws during that historic period, but also archive various details of legal practice at that time. After Qin’s endorsement for Legalism and Han’s inheritance of Qin’s regime, legal formalism has been established. Since the middle period of Western Han, Confucianism has gradually achieved dominance, with legal realism coming into being. From the end of Han to Jin and Sui, Confucianism’s impact on laws grew deeper. And thus, the legal system was built around sovereign-subject and family relations, which influenced the purposes, contents, and forms greatly. That being said, the inherent disadvantages of legal realism incurred consecutive conflicts inside legal norms, frequent abuse of legal discretion, and lack of justice in legal practice, which called for another transformation of legal civilization. This time, Confucianism and Legalism demonstrated a tendency of integration again. A new legal civilization, with legal texts moving towards Confucianism and legal practice towards Legalism, was born. This development was of a historic importance regarding the legal order, the law-power relation, and stability of laws after Sui and Tang.