设施菜地番茄的养分需求规律

Nutrient Demand of Tomato in the Facility Vegetable Field

为明确番茄全生育期养分吸收分配特征和需肥规律,通过田间调研采样,研究了秋冬季和冬春季设施番茄干物质量、营养元素含量、养分吸收累积动态和吸收分配情况,以期为番茄的合理施肥,实现养分供需平衡提供理论指导。结果表明:作物养分吸收量顺序为:K_(2)O>N>Ca>P_(2)O_(5)>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>B>Cu,秋冬季和冬春季的N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O吸收比例分别为1.0∶0.4∶2.1和1.0∶0.3∶1.2,全生育期苗期、开花期、采摘期氮磷钾的需求比例分别为1.0∶0.5∶1.9,1.0∶0.4∶1.8,1.0∶0.3∶1.7。每生产1 t番茄果实,作物的N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O、Ca、Mg吸收量分别是2.5~2.6 kg,0.9~1.0 kg,3.3~5.4 kg,2.2~2.3 kg,0.4~0.5 kg,作物Fe、Zn、Mn、B、Cu吸收量分别为18.0~20.3 g,4.1~12.6 g,5.0~7.3 g,2.8~4.3 g,1.7~3.4 g。番茄氮磷钾钙镁和铁锰锌吸收主要集中在采摘期,吸收比例分别为53.6%,47.7%,50.5%,硼铜吸收集中在开花期(36.6%)。作物养分在番茄茎叶和果实中的分配有所不同,氮磷钾主要以果实(62.9%~73.7%)携出为主,中微量元素以茎叶(64.8%~91.2%)携出为主。综上,在施肥时期上,苗期应以营养全面的基肥为主,开花结果期注重养分的实时有效供应,适当提高中微量元素的养分供应量。收获后的番茄秸秆还田有利于中微量元素的再利用,减少过量施肥带来的资源浪费,有效缓解土壤质量问题。

In order to clarify the nutrient uptake and distribution characteristics,and fertilizer requirements of tomato during the whole growth stage,the dry matter accumulation,nutrient element content,nutrient uptake cumulative dynamics,and nutrient uptake and distribution of tomato in autumn winter(AW)and winter spring(WS)seasons were studied by the field investigation and sampling,to provide the theoretical guidance of supply-demand balanced nutrient and reasonable fertilization.The results showed that,the order of crop nutrient uptake was:K_(2)O>N>Ca>P_(2)O_(5)>Mg>Fe>Zn>Mn>B>Cu,the uptake ratios of N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O in the AW and WS seasons were 1∶0.4∶2.1 and 1∶0.3∶1.2,and the demand ratios of N∶P_(2)O_(5)∶K_(2)O in the seedling stage,flowering stage and picking stage of the whole growth stage were 1∶0.5∶1.9,1∶0.4∶1.8,and 1∶0.3∶1.7,respectively.For each ton of tomato fruit produced,the crop uptakes of the N,P_(2)O_(5),K_(2)O,Ca,and Mg were 2.5-2.6 kg,0.9-1.0 kg,3.3-5.4 kg,2.2-2.3 kg,0.4-0.5 kg,respectively,and the crop uptakes of Fe,Zn,Mn,B and Cu were 18.0-20.3 g,4.1-12.6 g,5.0-7.3 g,2.8-4.3 g,1.7-3.4 g,respectively.The crop uptakes of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium,calcium and magnesium,and iron manganese and zinc were mainly concentrated in the picking stage,the ratios were 53.6%,47.7%,50.5%,respectively;and the crop uptakes of boron and copper were concentrated in the flowering stage(36.6%).The nutrients distribution in the tomato stem and leaf,and fruit were different,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium were mainly carried out by tomato fruit(62.9%-73.7%),and the middle and trace elements were mainly carried by tomato stem and leaf(64.8%-91.2%).In summary,during the fertilizer period,in the seedling stage it should be based on a comprehensive nutrient-based base fertilizer,the real-time and effective supply of nutrients during the flowering stage,and the nutrient supply of medium and trace elements should be appropriately increased.Returning tomato straw to the field was beneficial to reuse of medium and trace elements,reduced waste of resources caused by excessive fertilization,and effectively alleviated soil quality problems.