“截断众流”:胡适与冯友兰哲学史建构的共同取向——先秦诸子哲学起源问题的第二次研究思潮

"Cutting off the Crowds" :Common Orientation of Constructing the Philosophical History by Hu Shi and Feng Youlan

20世纪初期胡适的《中国哲学史大纲》、冯友兰的《中国哲学史》(上下册),推动"中国哲学史"取得了现代学科形态。胡、冯在建构中国哲学史过程中,对先秦诸子哲学起源时期在哲学史发展阶段中是否有存在必要、该时期哲学史史料的真伪以及有无哲学价值等问题,基本上采取了否定态度;他们以一种"哲学家之哲学"的标准,分别以革命家向哲学家、教育家向哲学家转换的方式,确立了老子、孔子作为中国哲学史"第一位"哲学家的地位。这种转换方式的积极意义在于,以"哲学家"为中国哲学史的开端边界非常明晰;其根本缺陷在于,他们并未梳理先秦诸子起源时期各种哲学史料的思想脉络,挖掘"诗""书""礼""乐"传统所承载的哲学思想,不是遵循内在的思想理路来确立老子、孔子"第一位"哲学家的地位,而是把"革命家"激烈的否定态度、"教育家"温和的否定态度转嫁到老子、孔子身上,消解了先秦诸子起源时期哲学思想存在的合理性。蔡元培"截断众流"的价值判定,对胡适、冯友兰建构中国哲学史的这种共同取向,可谓一语中的。先秦诸子起源时期的哲学思想,不应以"非哲学的""萌芽时期"的形态,而应以"中国民族的哲学思想"之价值地位,纳入"中国哲学"与"中国哲学史"的研究视域,为当今学界重新理解新时代"中国之所以为中国",提供一个彰显中华民族哲学思想特质的切入点。

In the early 20 th century,Hu Shi’s Outline of the History of Chinese Philosophy and Feng Youlan’s History of Chinese Philosophy promoted the"history of Chinese philosophy"to obtain its modern form of discipline.In the process of constructing Chinese philosophy history,Hu and Feng basically took a negative attitude towards the questions such as whether the origin period of the pre-Qin philosophers was necessary in the development of the history of philosophy,whether historical materials of the history of philosophy in this period were true or not,and whether they had philosophical value or not.They established Lao-tzu and Confucius as the"first"philosophers in the history of Chinese philosophy by means of the transformation from revolutionist to philosopher and from educator to philosopher respectively.The significance of this transformation is that the beginning boundary of the history of Chinese philosophy is very clear with"philosophers".However,its fundamental flaw is that they neither sorted out various historical materials in philosophy in the origin of pre-Qin scholars period.,nor mined the traditional philosophy thought embedded in Shi,Shu,Li and Yue.They did not establish Lao-tzu and Confucius’as"first"philosophers according to the inner thought,but imputed the"revolutionary"intense negative attitude and the"educator"moderate negative attitude to them,and dispelled the rationality of philosophical thoughts in this period.Cai Yuanpei’s value judgment of"cutting off the crowd"is right for the common orientation of Hu shi and Feng Youlan’s construction of the history of Chinese philosophy.