庚辛年间列强对华军事进攻与中外议和谈判——以“惩办祸首”为中心

Foreign Powers’ Military Attacks to China and Sino-Foreign Negotiations in 1900—1901:Focusing on "Punishing the Chief Culprit"

庚辛议和期间,德国提出以"惩办祸首"为谈判的"先决条件",遂使这一问题的重要性凸显。谈判期间,清政府要求对"肇祸诸臣"须分别轻重,列强则要求全部处死,双方产生分歧和争执。德国元帅、联军总司令瓦德西执行德皇旨意,对华实行严厉的军事制裁,每当谈判出现不顺利的情形,便派遣远征军实施军事打击,先后进攻直隶省保定、张家口等地,并攻入山西省境,意在威胁、恫吓。在列强军事打压之下,清政府先后4次发布"惩办祸首"上谕,最终不得不完全接受其要求。将列强对华军事进攻与中外议和谈判联系起来进行考察,并通过"惩办祸首"这个特定环节来具体论析和展示,可以揭露列强对华政策的侵略性和强权特征,并揭示20世纪初中国社会发生的深刻变化。

During the negotiation period between 1900 and 1901,Germany proposed"punishing the chief culprit"as a precondition for its negotiation.The German marshal and coalition commander Wadsey implemented its imperial order and imposed severe military sanctions on China.Whenever the negotiation did not go smoothly,he would order the expeditionary force to carry out military strikes.As a result,it successively attacked Baoding,Zhangjiakou and other places in Zhili Province,and even invaded some part of Shanxi Province.Due to its military attack,the Qing government issued four orders to"punish the perpetrators",and had to fully accept its demands.A combined investigation of its military attacks and Sino-Foreign Negotiations in 1900—1901 helps to disclose its aggressive and powerful features in its policy towards China.