担保物权制度的现代化与我国《民法典》的亮点

Modernization of the Security Interest System and Highlights of the Civil Code of China

担保制度的现代化关系到整个市场经济的健康发展,是市场经济制度完善的重要内容。市场经济本质上就是信用经济,信用经济与担保关系非常密切。我国《民法典》适应担保现代化和改善营商环境的需要,对原有的担保制度做了重大的修改和完善,广泛扩张了动产担保的范围,统一了动产担保以及浮动担保、融资租赁、保理、所有权保留等担保方式的规则;确认了担保物权竞存时的优先顺位规则;通过减轻担保人责任,鼓励担保交易,促进物尽其用;基于现代社会财富增长出现大量的新型财产权利势态,将其纳入可供担保的财产范围;缓和物权法定,承认非典型担保,扩大了当事人设立担保物权的意思自治空间。同时,《民法典》没有规定有关担保物权具体的登记机构,为建立统一的动产抵押和权利质押登记制度提供了重要的法律基础。

The modernization of security interest system is part of the healthy development of the market-oriented economy, and also important to the perfection of the market economy system. The market-oriented economy is credit economy in essence, which has a very close relationship with guarantee. The Civil Code of China meeting the demands of security modernization and the improvement of the business environment, makes great ratification and perfection to the original security interest system, and reflects advantages as below: to widely expand the scope of chattel mortgage;to unify the rules of chattel mortgage, floating security, finance lease, factoring, and retention of title;to confirm the rules of priority in issues on competitive security rights;to improve the best use of everything by mitigating the liability of the guarantor and encouraging security transactions. Considering the growth of the novel property-rights coming out of the increasement of the wealth in modern society, intangible property and its right, as an important form in modern wealth, can also be the object of the secured property, and should be included in the scope of the property securable. Therefore, the Civil Code of China enlarges the space of autonomy of the will of the security right set up by the party, by easing the application of the Numerus Clausus Principle, and confirming title financing. Meanwhile, the Civil Code does not prescribe specific registries for securing property, and leaves space for establishment of a consolidated registration system of chattel mortgage and rights pledge.