论《民法典》中的惩罚性赔偿体系与解释标准

On the Punitive Damages System and the Interpretation Criteria in the Civil Code

《民法典》在形式上整合了我国之前散见于《侵权责任法》《消费者权益保护法》《食品安全法》《旅游法》《商标法》《反不正当竞争法》以及司法解释等当中的惩罚性赔偿规则,在现行法秩序下形成了由惩罚性赔偿一般规定加特别规定构成的惩罚性赔偿规则体系。与《民法典》科学性、体系性目的相一致,对于新惩罚性赔偿规则的理解,应围绕立法者明确表达出来的承认但合理限制惩罚性赔偿责任的基本立场,明确《民法典》和特别法在知识产权侵权、产品侵权、生态环境侵权和不正当竞争领域的各具体惩罚性赔偿规则之间的规范关系,并从客观标准和主观标准两方面展开,进一步合理化惩罚性赔偿责任得以适用的限制条件,落实立法者通过惩罚性赔偿提高社会治理效率的目的。

The Civil Code consolidates in form of punitive damages rules scattered before in the laws and regulations, such as Tort Liability Law, the Consumer Protection Act, the Food Safety Law, the Tourism Law, the Trademark Law, the Anti-unfair Competition Law, and judicial interpretations of [2003] No.3 and [2017] No.2. And a system of punitive damages rules composed of the general and special provisions of punitive damages is formed in the order of extant laws. In accordance with the scientific and systematic objective of the Civil Code, to truly understand the new rule of punitive damages, is to focus on the basic ground of specifically confirming but reasonably limiting the liability of punitive damages by the legislators, to specify the provisional relations of different punitive damages rules in the Civil Code and special laws regulating IP infringement, product liability, environmental tort and unfair competition, and to rationalize the restrictive conditions of applicable liability of punitive damages upon objective and subjective criteria, so as to achieve the legislative purpose of improving the efficiency of social governance through punitive damages.