论康德对古希腊伦理学的理解和批判

On Kant’s Understanding and Critique of Ancient Greek Ethics

康德在1784—1785年秋季学期的《伦理学讲义——科林斯》中对古希腊伦理学做出了系统的论述。他指出古希腊伦理学关注的问题是至善的问题,并且对犬儒学派、伊壁鸠鲁学派和斯多亚学派做出批判性解读。犬儒学派夸大了人的自然本性与至善的联系,忽视了至善的艺术性。康德赞同伊壁鸠鲁和斯多亚学派把至善看作艺术性的,但是不赞同它们把幸福和德性看作是同质的,从而片面地理解至善。康德对斯多亚学派有诸多论述,称赞它保持德性的纯粹性,但由于其缺乏意志自由的概念,导致德性缺乏现实性。这些解读有利于理解康德同时期的《道德形而上学奠基》。结合其他文本,可以看出,康德的伦理学的核心概念尤其德性概念继承了斯多亚学派。但是康德把自由意志的概念加入进来,摆脱了斯多亚学派德性概念的现世性,使得伦理学具有了超越的维度。

Kant made a systematic exposition on ancient Greek ethics in his Lectures on ethics-Collins in the fall semester of 1784-1785. He has pointed out that the concern of ancient Greek ethics is the question of the highest good,and he has also made a critical interpretation of the Epicurus,the Stoic and the Cynics that exaggerates the connection between human nature and the highest good,while ignoring the artistry of the highest good. Kant agrees that Epicurus and the Stoic regard the highest good as artistic,but does not agree with them treating happiness and virtue as homogeneous,so leading to one-sided understanding of the highest good. Kant has many discussions on the Stoic,praising it for maintaining the purity of virtue,but due to its lack of the concept of free will,virtue lacks reality. These interpretations are helpful to understand some texts of Kant’ s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Moral. In combination with other texts,it can be seen that the core concepts of Kant’ s ethics,especially the concept of virtue,have inherited from the Stoic. However,Kant has added the concept of free will to get rid of the nature of this world in the Stoic concept of morality,so that ethics has a transcendent dimension.