主要麻类作物基因组学与遗传改良:现状与展望

Genomics and genetic improvement in main bast fiber crops:advances and perspectives

随着测序技术的发展,主要麻类作物(黄麻、红麻、苎麻、亚麻和工业大麻)参考基因组从2011年至2020年陆续完成测序,这标志着麻类作物科学已经进入基因组时代。文章首先详细概述主要麻类作物基因组测序。其次,评述了基于基因组学的麻类作物重要应用价值基因挖掘。基于参考基因组和转录组测序,大量关于纤维发育、响应非生物胁迫的候选基因被挖掘,以促进麻类作物纤维的物种特性和“不与粮食争好地”的逆境农业。同时不同麻类作物特异性状候选基因陆续被报道,如红麻雄性不育、亚麻种子含油量和大麻大麻素相关候选基因等。再次,麻类作物基因组测序完成为基于组学的麻类作物遗传改良提供可能:有助于麻类作物种质资源形成和演化机制研究,系统解析纤维产量、纤维品质、抗病耐逆等农艺性状形成的分子基础;有助于建立高通量基因型-表型数据库,挖掘优异基因资源与创制新种质;有助于创新并集成分子标记辅助选择、基因组选择、转基因等技术,建立高效的快速育种技术体系。宜选育高产高效、抗逆抗病、适宜轻简化机械化、优质专用的多用途麻类作物新品种,以满足麻类作物相关产业的市场需求,适应麻类作物生产方式。尽管已经获得重要基因以及位点的信息,但如何高效率利用已有基因资源对麻类作物进行遗传改良仍需面临一系列挑战,如成熟稳定的遗传转化体系、麻类作物基因编辑体系构建及基因组选择育种等。

With the development of sequencing technology,main bast fiber crops(jute,kenaf,ramie,flax,and hemp)have completed genome sequencing from 2011 to 2020,which marks that the science of bast fiber crops has entered the era of genome.Firstly,this paper reviews the genome sequencing of bast fiber crops.Secondly,the important gene identification of bast fiber crops is also reported.Based on reference genome and transcriptome sequencing,a large number of candidate genes related to fiber development and response to abiotic stress have been detected,corresponding to the species characteristics of bast fiber and the adversity agriculture of“not competing with food”.Meanwhile,candidate genes for specific bast fiber crops have also been identified,such as male fertility in kenaf,seed oil content in flax,cannabinoid related candidate genes.Thirdly,the completion of bast fiber crop genome sequencing provides the possibility of omics-based genetic improvement,which will facilitate to study the formation of bast fiber and evolution mechanisms of bast fiber crop germplasms and systematically analyze the molecular basis for the formation of agronomic traits such as fiber yield,fiber quality,disease resistance,and stress tolerance.Also,it will facilitate to establish a high-throughput genotype-phenotype database,mine excellent gene resources,and create new germplasm.Moreover,it will facilitate to establish efficient rapid breeding technology systems by the innovation and combination of molecular marker-assisted selection,genome selection,transgenic technology and so on.To meet the market demand particularly bast fiber crop-related industries and adapt to the production model of bast fiber crops,we should breed new bast fiber crop varieties with high yield,high efficiency,stress resistance,disease resistance,suitable for light simplification and mechanization cultivation,high quality,and special purpose.Although the important information of gene resources and loci has been obtained from the reference genomes,there are still a series of challenges that how to utilize the existing resources efficiently for genetic improvement of bast fiber crops,such as stable and efficient genetic transformation system,construction of gene editing system,and genome selection breeding.