帝师群体与北齐皇族文教的构建

Royal Tutors and Construction of Royal Family’s Literary Education in Northern Qi Dynasty

北齐帝师大致分为三类,即三师,太子三师、三少,以及以国子学官为主体的诸王师友、太子侍读、侍学等。三师多由高欢、高澄军府旧臣、乡党姻戚或高氏藩王出任,是高齐政权建立、新旧君位嬗递、皇族内部权力分割的主导力量,也决定了北齐皇室崇胡抑华的基本立场;太子三师一般选任鲜卑勋旧或高齐藩王,三少则多任命士族名流,在萧祗、魏收、邢邵、李浑、王晞、杨愔、郑述祖等人的倡导下,尊赋重文成为皇室乃至朝野的主流风尚,对天保至武平年间的文事繁荣具有推动作用;中央学官与东宫经筵侍读、侍讲、诸王师友等,多出自燕赵寒儒,具有专经、恭谨、勤勉等特点,特为高氏政权信重。北齐帝师作为军、政、学、文等领域的代表人物,有力的塑造了北齐皇族文教务实而多元的特质,并确保皇权运作始终不偏离北魏所奠定的胡汉二元的政治轨道。帝师家族与北齐皇室之间,也产生双向塑造的效应。帝师在履行太子或新君师傅之职的过程中,往往将相关理念、从宦经验归纳为治家收族的家训、格言,进而以家风特色鲜明的郡望名门的形式引领北齐乃至隋唐士风与文运嬗递的历史进程。

Royal tutors were roughly divided into three types in Northern Qi Dynasty,namely three tutors of empire,three tutors or vice-tutors of prince,and academic officers of Imperial College.Three tutors of empire were usually served by the emperor’s subordinates or relatives,who played a decisive role in the power distribution of the dynasty regime and also had a clear political stance of advocating the Xianbei nobles and suppressing the Han people.Three tutors of prince were usually served by the Xianbei nobles or royal family members and three vice-tutors of prince were basically nominated by celebrities,who were usually the literary leaders of new literary trend.Most of academic officers of Imperial College,were humble Confucian scholars,being proficient,diligent and reliable.Royal tutors had played important roles in shaping the characteristics of imperial literature and education in Northern Qi Dynasty.Meanwhile,the dual-way structure was formed between the families of royal tutors’and royal members’.In performing duties,royal tutors tended to apply their relevant concepts of teaching the princes or emperors to educate their own family children.And then,their descendants would lead the development of scholarly atmosphere and literary trends from Northern Qi to the early Tang Dynasty.