游泳影响幼儿大肌肉动作发展:横向与干预研究的证据

Effect of Swimming on Preschool Children's Gross Motor Development:Evidence from Cross-sectional and Intervention Study

促进幼儿动作发展是推动健康中国建设的重要组成部分,检验游泳对幼儿大肌肉动作发展的影响,分析其潜在的影响因素,为游泳对幼儿健康促进提供证据.通过横向调查和实验设计,选取786名3~6岁幼儿进行大肌肉动作测试,采用T检验和协方差分析等方法检验.结果发现在横向调查研究中,游泳组幼儿在大肌肉动作发展上优于普通组幼儿(p<0.05,ES=0.31~0.34),但所有显著优势表现均以4岁以上幼儿为主,其中以移动性(p<0.05,ES=0.30~0.32)和稳定性技能最为显著(p<0.05,ES=0.32~0.44).在实验研究结果中发现,4~5岁,5~6岁实验组在移动性、稳定性技能及大肌肉动作总分中显著优于对照组(p<0.05,η_(p)^(2)=0.10~0.17),6岁以上幼儿实验组在稳定性技能中显著优于对照组,但在操作性技能上各年龄组间无显著差异.由此得出结论:1)游泳效果具有跨环境转移性,游泳有助于促进4岁以上幼儿大肌肉动作发展,是儿童早期基本动作发展的有效教育方式;2)游泳可作为发展移动性和稳定性技能的运动方式,在幼儿群体中开展有助于终身体育活动习惯的养成.

Promoting preschool children's motor development is an important part of implementing Health China Strategy.In order to prove swimming can promote the health promotion of preschool children,this study examines the influences of swimming on preschool children's gross motor development.Basing on cross-sectional investigation and an experimental design,this study selects 786 subjects aged 3~6 to test gross motor by T test and covariance analysis.The cross-sectional investigation results show that swimming group proves significantly superior to non-swimming group in gross motor development(p<0.05,ES=0.31~0.34),but all the significant advantages are over 4 years old,mobility(p<0.05,ES=0.30~0.32)and stability skills(p<0.05,ES=0.32~0.44)are the most significant.The experimental design results show that the experimental group of 4~5 years old,5~6 years old is significantly better than the control group in mobility,stability skills and total score of gross motor(p<0.05,η_(p)^(2)=0.10~0.17),and the experimental group of children over 6 years old is significantly better than the control group in stability skills,but there is no significant difference between different age groups in operational skills.It is concluded that swimming effect has trans-environment transfer swimming is helpful to promote the development of children's gross motor development over 4 years old children which is of great value to young children.Therefore,swimming is an effective way to develop mobility and stability skills for preschool children,which integrates health and survival education.