青藏高原国家公园群区域人类活动环境胁迫强度与空间效应——以三江源地区为例

Environmental stress intensity of human activities and its spatial effects in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster:a case study in Sanjiangyuan region

随着人类活动对青藏高原环境系统的影响持续增强,研究各类生产生活活动的环境胁迫强度及其空间效应,是青藏高原国家公园群建设背景下精准实施环境管控、规范保护利用行为的科学基础,对提升青藏高原可持续发展能力具有重要意义。以三江源地区为例,在COD、氨氮、二氧化硫和氮氧化物4类人为源污染物排放量测算基础上,定量评估县域环境胁迫指数,解析青藏高原国家公园群区域人类活动的点—线—面环境胁迫空间效应。研究结果表明:人为源污染物排放对三江源地区的环境胁迫强度较低,且地域分异格局显著,中心城市(镇)胁迫强度较高,而国家公园所在的玛多、杂多、治多和曲麻莱4县仅为平均胁迫强度的1/2;2012—2016年间,城镇化和工业化过程的环境胁迫呈显著"点状"空间效应,农牧业生产方式的"面状"效应突出,旅游和交通运输为由点及线的"线状"胁迫。建议从提升全要素环境设施承载能力、建立全覆盖环境分区管控体系、实施生产生活旅游活动全过程环境规制等方面,制定缓解青藏高原国家公园群区域环境胁迫强度的管控与应对措施。

The impact on the environmental system of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau of human activities keeps growing.Under the background of construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster,studying the environmental stress intensity and spatial effects of human productional and living activities is the scientific foundation for the precise implementation of environmental management and control and for the standardization of protection and utilization.This is of great significance for enhancing the sustainable development capacity of the Qinghai—Tibet Plateau.Taking Sanjiangyuan region as an example,based on the calculation of 4 types of anthropogenic pollutant emissions,i.e.COD,ammonia nitrogen,sulfur dioxide,and nitrogen oxides,this paper quantitatively evaluates the county environmental stress intensity of human activities and analyzes its point—line—plane spatial effects in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster.As is shown in the results:the emission of anthropogenic pollutants has a low degree of environmental stress to the Sanjiangyuan region,but shows significantly spatial differentiation characteristics.The central cities(towns)have high stress intensity and the four counties of Maduo,Zaduo,Zhiduo and Qumalai where the national park is located have only 1/2 the average stress intensity.From 2012 to 2016,the regional pattern of spatial effects shows a complex of points,lines,and planes.Points indicate the effects of urbanization and industrialization;lines indicate tourism and transportation;and planes indicate agricultural and animal husbandry production.It is suggested developing managing and responding measures to alleviate the environmental stress in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau national park cluster from the aspects of improvement of the carrying capacity of all—factor environmental facilities,establishment of a full—covering functional zoning control system,and implementation of whole-process environmental regulations for productional,living and touristic activities.