生态适应研究新方法:从种群遗传学到景观基因组学

New approaches for ecological adaptation study:from population genetics to landscape genomics

生态适应是物种应对环境变化的重要方式,解析物种的生态适应分子机制可以为物种的保护和利用奠定理论基础.景观基因组学从基因组水平来研究物种的遗传变异与景观特征之间的相互作用,可明确量化环境变化引起的遗传变异在基因组水平的响应,为生态适应研究提供了新思路,比经典的种群遗传学方法更进一步.本文首先总结了生态适应研究的系列方法,尤其侧重介绍了基因型-环境互作关系(genotype-environment associations,GEAs)中涉及到的广义线性混合模型、多变量统计分析和非线性模型等方法及相应的计算工具,重点比较了这些方法的优缺点.其次,介绍了新近发展起来的“非适应性风险分析”方法(risk of non-adaptedness,RONA)及其应用,该方法结合等位基因频率和环境因子变化,可为预估物种应对当前及未来环境梯度的适应潜力提供参考.最后,结合树木研究实例为生态适应研究方向提出了建议.

Ecological adaptation or local adaptation is one of the most important responses of species to the changing environment.Understanding the molecular mechanism of local adaptation provides a theoretical foundation for the protection and utilization of the species.Landscape genomics studies the interaction between the genetic variation of species and landscape characteristics on the genomic level which quantify the response of genetic variation caused by environmental changes at the genomic level,and can provide new insights for local adaptation research as compared with the classic population genetics methods.In this review,we first summarized series methods for local adaptation research,with particular emphasis on the introduction of generalized linear mixed models,multivariate statistical analysis,non-linear models,and calculation tools involved in genotype-environment associations(GEAs),and we also compared the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Next,we introduced the newly developed method“risk of non-adaptedness(RONA)”,which evaluates the current and predicts future adaptability of species by combining the allele frequency and the changes in environmental factors.Finally,using case studies of tree local adaptation,we provided suggestions for the future study directions on tree local adaptation.