奥斯汀的言语行为理论是怎样误入歧途的?——从认知需要和非认知需要的视角看

How Does Austin's Theory of Speech-acts Go Astray?:From the Perspective of Cognitive Needs and Non-cognitive Needs

奥斯汀忽视了需要作为动机的深层视角,以偏概全地把施为语句与记述语句直接对立起来,结果无法解释二者的交叉渗透和相互转化,最终让他的颇有洞见的言语行为理论陷入了困境。只有通过辨析认知需要与非认知需要、描述与诉求之间的微妙异同,我们才能说明两类语句及其评判标准的复杂关联和交互适用,找到为什么任何言语行为都包含指事、行事、施效三个层面的根本原因。

J.L.Austin ignores the deep perspective of needs as motivation,and directly contrasts the performative utterance with the constative utterance in a one-sided way.As a result,he cannot explain the mutual cross and transformation between them,which finally makes his insightful theory of speech-act in trouble.Only by distinguishing the subtle similarities and differences between cognitive needs and non-cognitive needs,as well as between descriptions and appeals,can we explain the complex correlation and interactive application of the two types of utterances as well as their evaluation criteria,and eventually find out the fundamental reason why any speech acts contains such aspects as descripting,acting,and effectiveness.