论学生、教师和家长自由的有限性——彼得斯分析教育哲学的伦理学视角

On the Constraints of the Freedom for Students,Teachers and Parents:from the Ethical Perspective of Peters's Analytic Philosophy of Education

自由具有正当性,但自由是有限的。在学校教育中,学生、教师和家长的自由也是有限的。其伦理学依据表现为:自由原则不是人类生活的唯一原则,人类社会中的一些制度对自由起着限制的作用,自由会受到实际条件的限制,“恐惧自由”心理的作用,自由原则的应用有特定的范围。就学生而言,义务教育的强迫性表明儿童自由是有限的,学校对教学秩序的需求,控制了的教育环境,学生一些要求的“无理性”,以及教师布置的作业和组织的活动决定了学生自由的有限性;就教师自由而言,教育的目的和任务,中小学学生身心发展不同阶段的特殊性.教育考试制度和教师特殊的社会角色,决定了教师自由的有限性;就家长而言,在儿童的义务教育问题上家长没有选择的自由,在子女就学的学校选择中不少家长的自由会受到限制。因此,我们对教育领域中的学生、教师和家长的自由问题必须有清醒的认识,弄清楚在哪些地方允许自由,在哪些地方则应当对自由作适当的限制,不能将自由的概念用错地方,“在不应当给予自由的地方给予了自由,而在应当给予自由的地方又往往不给予自由”。

Freedom is justified, but it is constrained. In school education, the freedom of students, teachers and parents is also limited, the ethical basis of which is shown as follows: the principle of freedom is not the only principle of human life, some systems in human society play constraint freedom, and freedom will be constrained by actual conditions, the psychological effect of "the fear of freedom", so the application of freedom principles is limited to a specific scope. For students, the compulsive nature of compulsory education shows that children’s freedom is limited: the constraint is determined by the school’s demand for teaching order, the controlled educational environment, the deemed "irrationality" of requirements of students, and the assignments and activities set and organized by teachers. The constraint of freedom for teachers are determined by the following factors: the purpose and task of education, the particularity of different stages for physical and mental development of primary and secondary school students, the educational examination system and the special social role of teachers;for parents, their freedom is constrained, for they have no choice in children’s compulsory education, and in the choice of schools for their children. Therefore, we must have a clear understanding of the freedom of students, teachers, and parents in the area of education, and figure out on issues or aspects where freedom is allowed, and where appropriate restrictions should imposed on freedom. The concept of freedom shouldn’t be misplaced, so the phenomenon of "freedom is given where it should not be given, and not be given where it should be given" should be avoided.