河南固始侯古堆一号墓出土东周玉器的科技分析

Scientific and Technological Analysis of Jades Unearthed From Cemeteries Dated to Eastern Zhou Dynasty From Tomb No.1 in Hougudui, Gushi, Henan Province

古代玉器不仅是装饰品,其中还蕴藏着丰富的文化内涵。为探究春秋时期河南地区出土玉器在矿物属性、制作工艺、器物功能等之间存在的关系,选取了河南固始侯古堆一号墓(M1)出土的10件玉器,应用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、共焦显微激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、超景深光学显微系统等光学无损分析技术,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和硅胶覆膜技术对其进行了综合性分析。首先通过光谱信息获知样品的化学成分和物相结构,对样品进行了基本的矿物学表征,明确其矿物种类;再利用超景深光学显微镜对样品进行观察,利用硅胶覆膜技术复刻出样品中典型的钻孔痕、切割痕和阴刻痕,并进行二次观察和测量,综合判断出其加工工艺,并统计了刻痕深度、切口角度、浅浮雕高度等相关数据。结果表明:此玉器的矿物种类包括透闪石和云母两种,透闪石质的样品多为礼器,云母质的样品为葬玉。从阴刻工艺、钻孔工艺、切割及打磨工艺和其他特殊工艺这四方面对加工工艺进行了分析,阴刻加工工具分为手持硬质工具和砣具两种,此批样品中以砣具为主;总结了两种不同加工工具雕刻产生的阴线在表面痕迹、切口角度和刻痕深度中的规律性变化;钻孔方式均为双面对钻,钻孔工具均为实心钻具,部分样品钻孔时添加了解玉砂;多数样品经过了打磨抛光,对其中一件未完全加工完成的样品开片痕迹进行了分析,判断所用开片工具为硬质片状工具。另外对其他特殊加工工艺进行探讨,讨论了两种浅浮雕工艺的差异,以及实心钻定位技术在掏膛工艺中的应用。上述结果说明古代玉器制作工艺的选择受玉料矿物属性和玉器器型功能的影响,并结合已有研究结果,探讨了春秋末年中原地区治玉过程中玉料的来源、墓主生活年代及片切割工具的变革等问题。

Ancient jade artifacts are not only ornaments,but also contain rich cultural meanings.In order to explore the relationship among the material properties,processing techniques and object functions of archaicjade,this paper selected 10 jade wares unearthed from No.1 tomb in Hougudui,Gushi,Henan province,using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(XRF)and confocal microscopic laser Raman Spectroscopy(LRS),ultra-depth-of-field Optical Microscopy(OM),combinewith Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM)and silicone resin molding to analyze them comprehensively.Firstly,the chemical composition and phase structure of the samples were obtained by spectral information,and the mineral type was determined.Then,the samples were quantitatively observed by means of microscopy combined with silica gel mulching technique,and representative micro-traces were engraved for secondary observation to determine the processing technology,and therelevant data has been collected.The results show that the mineral types of this batch of jade wares include tremolite and mica.Most of the samples of tremolite were ritual wares,while the samples of mica were burial jade.The processing technology is analyzed from the following four aspects:engraving process,drilling process,cutting and grinding process and other special processes.There are two kinds of engraving tools,one is the rotary wheel,and the other is hand-held hard tools.Rotary wheel is the main one in this experiment,and the regular changes of the surface trace,the angle of incision and the depth of the nick engraved by two different tools are summarized.Drilling methods are double-faced drilling,the drilling tools are solid drilling tools,and some samples are drilled with jade sand.Most of the samples have been polished,and one of them has a narrow gap cut by a hard flake.In addition,the other special processing technology was characterized,and the differences between two kinds of shallow relief techniques are discussed,and the cutting bore technology using solid drill positioning.The above results show that the selection of ancient jade making technology is influenced by the mineral properties of jade materials and the function of jade type.This paper also discusses the source of jade,the times of tomb owner,and the transformation of slice cutting tools in the processing of jade in the Central Plains in the Spring and Autumn period.