不同界面上“Plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的研究进展及对运动训练的启示

Research Progress of“Plyometric”Training on Sports Performance and Muscle Injury on Different Interfaces and its Enlightenment to Sports Training

采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等探究硬地面与非硬地(水中、沙地)界面上进行“plyometric”训练对运动表现与肌肉损伤的影响,并提出运动训练实践建议。研究发现:硬地与水中plyometric训练均可以提高运动表现,且干预效果相似;硬地与沙地进行plyometric训练,均可以提高运动表现,不同的测试指标反向纵跳、蹲跳、垂直跳的干预效果存在异同。水中和沙地相对于硬地面进行plyometric训练可以明显较少训练后肌肉酸痛程度,降低运动损伤风险。硬地面适应机制:肌腱复合体和关节的训练适应机制;神经-肌肉对训练的适用机制等。水中和沙地的适应机制:“离心-向心”转化速度;神经冲动与适应机制等。对运动训练的建议:在水中进行plyometric训练时,水面一般在身体的腰部-胸部位置,水温的选择一般在27°C左右;水中、硬地plyometric训练的干预周期介于6-10周之间,每周干预频率介于2-3次之间;组合界面plyometric训练的相关研究文献较少,需进一步研究论证;当在硬界面时,中等负荷量可诱导出最佳的效果;在进行Plyometric训练时,强度比量更重要,且小强度优于大强度;不同年龄、性别进行Plyometric训练时,要选择适应的训练手段,水中和沙地面可以作为传统训练的替换手段。

The literature method and logic analysis method were used to explore the effects of“plyometric”training on the performance of sports and muscle injury at the interface between hard ground and non-hard ground(water and sand),and put forward practical suggestions for exercise training.The study found that both plyometric training in hard ground and water can improve exercise performance,and the intervention effect is similar;plyometric training in hard ground and sandy land can improve exercise performance,and different test indicators reverse vertical jump,jump,vertical jump there are similarities and differences in the effects of interventions.Plyometric training in water and sand relative to hard ground can significantly reduce muscle soreness after training and reduce the risk of sports injury.Hard ground adaptation mechanism:training adaptation mechanism of tendon complex and joint;application mechanism of nerve-muscle training.Adaptation mechanisms in water and sand:“centrifugation–centripetal”transformation speed;nerve impulses and adaptation mechanisms.Suggestions for sports training:When performing plyometric training in water,the water surface is generally at the waist-chest position of the body,and the water temperature is generally selected at about 27°C;the intervention period of water and hard plyometric training is between 6-10 weeks.The frequency of intervention per week is between 2-3 times;there is less research literature on the combination interface plyometric training,which needs further research and demonstration;when it is at the hard interface,the medium load can induce the best effect;In training,intensity ratio is more important,and small intensity is better than large intensity;when Plyometric training is performed for different ages and genders,adaptive training methods should be selected,and water and sand ground can be used as a substitute for traditional training.