内蒙古甜菜生产机械化调查分析

Investigation and Analysis on Mechanization of Beet Production in Inner Mongolia

内蒙古甜菜种植面积达到14万hm^(2)左右,年生产食糖70多万t,已成为我国甜菜糖最大产区。甜菜种植比较费工时,为了保障甜菜的比较优势,甜菜机械化水平急需快速提高,以达到或接近主要农作物机械化水平。调查发现,目前内蒙古甜菜种植户平均每户有劳动力2.45人,平均年龄42.63岁,文化程度以初中为主;甜菜种植户平均每户拥有拖拉机2.23台,拥有配套农具3.056台,拥有甜菜收获机0.839台,大功率拖拉机较少,配套农具不足,拥有甜菜收获机的种植户较少,占53.23%;甜菜生产机械化平均水平达到了88.59%,落后于玉米,高于马铃薯和向日葵;甜菜生产机械化的主要环节耕整地作业、播种作业、中耕植保作业的机械化水平较高,达82.94%~98.05%,育苗移栽和灌溉机械化水平相对较低,为63.41%和77.77%;内蒙古甜菜种植代耕的现象非常普遍,尤其是甜菜收获环节代耕的最多,完全依靠自家农机具和完全依靠代耕来完成机械化作业的甜菜种植户数量较少;甜菜收获机械化水平进步较快,但仍不能满足甜菜生产的需要。大力发展甜菜生产机械化,降低生产成本,提高甜菜比较效益,是实现甜菜制糖产业稳步发展的必由之路。

The cultivated area of beet-sugar in Inner Mongolia has reached about 140000 hm^(2),and the annual out⁃put of sugar is more than 700000 t,and Inner Mongolia has become the largest beet sugar-producing area in China.In order to maintain the comparative advantage of sugar beet,the mechanization level needs to be improved rapidly to reach or close to the mechanization level of main crops because the cultivation of sugar beets is more time-con⁃suming.The survey showed that the average household of sugar beet growers had 2.45 employees,the average age was 42.63 years old,and the education level was mainly junior high school.On average,each household had 2.23 tractors,3.056 matching farm tools and 0.839 sugar beet harvesting machines.There were few tractors with highpower and insufficient matching farm tools.There were fewer growers having beet harvesters,accounting for 53.23%.The average mechanization level of sugar beet production reached 88.59%,which was below corn and higher than that of potato and sunflower in Inner Mongolia.The mechanization of sugar beet production in the fields such as tillage culti⁃vation,seeding and middle tillage cultivation were highly mechanized,reaching 82.94%-98.05%,while seedling trans⁃planting and irrigation were relatively low,which was 63.41%and 77.77%,respectively.Substitute tillage of sugar beet planting was very common,especially in the harvest of sugar beet,and fewer sugar beet growers relied entirely on their own farm equipment and fully hired others to complete mechanized operations.The mechanization level of sugar beet harvest has been improved rapidly,but it still can not meet the needs of sugar beet production.It is the only way to realize the development of sugar beet industry to speed up the mechanization of sugar beet production in order to reduce the production cost and improve the comparative benefit.