口腔医用高分子材料的研究进展及产业转化

Advances of Biomedical Polymeric Materials in Dentistry and Its Industrialization

口腔医用材料是用于修复人体口腔颌面部缺损或缺失的软硬组织的人工合成材料或其组合物,包括修复材料本体及其修复过程中的辅助材料。目前常用的口腔材料涉及金属、陶瓷、无机物、高分子及复合物等多种类别,其中高分子材料因其多样化的结构组成而具有多种优异可控的物理化学性质,是近年来蓬勃发展的新型口腔医用材料。本文综述了高分子材料在口腔预防医学、修复医学以及再生医学中的应用现状、存在问题及前沿研究方向。口腔预防用高分子材料包括菌斑/龋齿指示剂及防龋材料,合理控制菌群生态以及防止微生物对牙面侵蚀是其重点发展方向;口腔修复用高分子材料包括义齿制作材料及树脂基复合材料,如何防止二次龋齿、降低聚合收缩和提升环境稳定性以延长材料使用寿命是其难点问题;口腔植入及再生用高分子材料包括植入体表面涂层和组织缺损修复材料,提升其生物相容性、力学适配性和促组织再生能力十分重要。除了解决上市产品的临床需求,开发设计能够模拟天然牙齿结构和功能的新型仿生材料也是目前的热点研究问题和技术难点,有望未来实现产品转化和临床应用。

Dental materials including restorative materials and auxiliary materials are used for repairing injured or missing human maxillofacial soft and hard tissues.At present,the types of dental materials include metals,ceramics,inorganics,polymers and composites,among which polymeric materials have a variety of excellent controllable physical/chemical properties due to their tailorable molecular structure.Here is a summary of the applications of polymer materials in dentistry such as prevention medicine,restoration medicine and regenerative medicine.Furthermore,this paper reviews the existing problems and cutting-edge research directions,and prospects for the future development and commercialization of medical polymer materials in the dental field.The polymer materials for oral prevention mainly include plaque indicator which can show the bacteria to help children to develop good oral health habits and anti-caries materials which can resist bacterial erosion and demineralization by forming a fluoride-releasing protective film on the tooth surface.The polymer materials used in oral cavity repair are mainly composite resin materials including polymerized resin and fillers,which can be used to fill small defects and as repair dentures.It is difficult to improve the service life of the materials.The main solution is to enhance the antibacterial properties,mechanical strength and environmental stability.The polymer materials for tissue regeneration are implants and maxillofacial tissue repair materials.Although implant is produced using titanium and its alloy,the surface modification by polymer has advantages on reducing peri-implantitis and new high-performance polymer,like polyetheretherketone(PEEK),can better match the elastic modulus with the natural bone than metal materials.Direct bone replacement materials are using inorganic apatite as main substances,but polymer materials as tissue engineering scaffold for bone regeneration are still in development.Other polymer materials include not only mature auxiliary products for dental technicians,but also advanced regenerative materials like enamel-like substances,remineralize dentin and bio-root,which are expected to realize clinical transformation and product application in the future.