3~6岁幼儿单腿站立姿势控制的动作发展特征

Motor Development Characteristics of Single-leg Standing Posture Control of Children Aged 3~6 Years

采用定性和定量的方法横向研究3~6岁幼儿单腿站立动作技能的运动学和下肢肌力特征,构建站立时间与支撑腿膝关节屈曲角及小腿长度的回归方程,以揭示3~6岁幼儿单腿站立姿势控制能力发展规律。方法:选取北京市2所幼儿园共135名幼儿。采用BTS红外动作捕捉系统采集运动学数据,使用VIXTA数字录像机同步录像,使用“Anybody 7.0”仿真软件计算下肢肌力,采用方差分析和线性回归方程进行统计学分析。结果:1)幼儿单腿站立动作技能可分为3个发展阶段:初级阶段人数随年龄增加而减少,中级阶段人数呈现两边少、中间多的特征,高级阶段人数随年龄增加而增多。2)幼儿的膝关节屈曲角出现阶段主效应和年龄×阶段的交互效应,踝关节屈曲角出现年龄×性别的交互效应,髋关节屈曲角和髋外展角出现性别主效应,支撑腿膝关节屈曲角出现阶段×性别的交互效应(p<0.05)。3)站立时间与小腿长度和支撑腿膝关节屈曲角的回归方程为:Y=-85.14+2.36X_(1)+0.26X_(2)。4)支撑腿在AL、OES和IM肌力表现出年龄主效应,非支撑腿在SB、BFCB、Sartorius、IM、GMEA、TFL肌力表现出阶段主效应。结论:1)随着动作发展的成熟,幼儿脊柱和骨盆趋于直立,手臂稳定,髋关节外展角度变小,踝关节自然下垂,支撑腿接近完全直立状态。2)幼儿单腿站立动作发展的运动特征受年龄、性别与发展阶段的显著影响,主要体现在下肢髋、膝、踝关节角度的差异上。3)幼儿支撑腿肌力主要受年龄的影响,呈现“高-低-高”的特征,5岁可能是肌力发展的分化阶段,非支撑腿肌力随发展阶段的成熟,呈线性增大或减小的趋势。

By using qualitative and quantitative methods,the kinematics and lower limb muscle strength characteristics of 3-6 year-old children’s single-leg standing motor skills were studied horizontally,and the regression equations of standing time,knee flexion angle and leg length of the supporting leg were constructed,so as to reveal the development rule of children’s single-leg standing posture control.Method:A total of 135 children were selected from two kindergartens in Beijing.BTS infrared motion capture system is used to collect kinematic data,and VIXTA video analysis system is used to collect video data synchronously,and the simulation software Anybody 7.0 calculates the muscle strength of the lower limb,variance analysis and Linear regression were used for statistical analysis.Results:1)Children’s single-leg standing motor skills can be divided into three development stages.The number of children in the primary stage decreases with the increase of age,the number of children in the intermediate stage is less at both ends and more in the middle stage,and the number of children in the advanced stage increases with the increase of age.2)Interaction effect of age×stage in the occurrence stage of knee flexion angle in children,interaction effect of age×gender in the occurrence stage of ankle flexion angle,gender interaction effect in the occurrence stage of hip flexion angle and hip abduction angle,and gender interaction effect in the occurrence stage of knee flexion angle of supporting leg(p<0.05).3)The regression equation of standing time with leg length and knee flexion angle of supporting leg:Y=-85.14+2.36X_(1)+0.26X_(2).4)Age effect was observed in AL,OES and IM strength of the supporting leg,while stage effect was observed in SB,BFCB,Sartorius,IM,GMEA and TFL strength of the non-supporting leg.Conclusion:1)With the maturity of motor development,the spine and pelvis of children tend to be upright,the arms are stable,the abduction angle of the hip joint becomes smaller,the ankle hangs down naturally,and the supporting leg is almost completely upright.2)The motor characteristics of children standing on single leg are significantly affected by age,gender and developmental stage,mainly reflected in the differences of lower limb hip,knee and ankle joint angles.3)The strength of children’s supporting legs is mainly affected by age,showing the characteristics of“high-low-high”.5 years old may be the stage of differentiation of strength development,while the strength of non-supporting legs increases or decreases linearly with the maturity of development stage.