“鸟粪热”与美国新生态帝国主义的崛起

“Guano Fever”and the Rise of American New Ecological Imperialism

19世纪初期,欧美国家土壤危机普遍加重。社会需求促进了农业化学的快速发展,农业化学家证明了鸟粪含有植物成长所需的营养。19世纪中期鸟粪被欧美国家广泛使用,成为国际贸易中的大宗商品。由于秘鲁对鸟粪资源的垄断,美国开始在全球搜寻鸟粪岛,以补充本国土壤养分。发达经济体的农业环境依赖于对遥远地区环境的持续开发,这被称为新生态帝国主义,其特点是物质生态流动伴随着经济价值的转移。美国通过对外围地区的环境开发,为其工业的发展提供了能量,但外围国家却一直处于"资源诅咒"的恶性循环当中。

In the early 19th century,the soil crisis in European and American countries generally aggravated.Social needs have promoted the rapid development of agricultural chemistry.Agricultural chemists have proved that Guano contains nutrients for plant growth.In the mid-19th century,Guano was widely used in European and American countries and became a commodity in international trade.Due to Peru’s monopoly,the United States began to search for Guano Islands around the world to supplement its soil nutrients.The agricultural environment of developed economies depends on the sustainable development of the environment in remote areas,which is called new ecological imperialism.Its characteristic is that the material ecological flow is accompanied by the transfer of economic value.The United States has provided energy for its industrial development through the environmental development of the peripheral areas,but the peripheral countries have been in the vicious circle of"resource curse".