有机化合物中氢原子的化学反应及影响因素分析

Chemical Reaction of Hydrogen Atom in Organic Compounds andAnalysis of Influencing Factors

由于氢原子所处的分子环境不同,氢原子的性能不同,因此氢原子可与碱发生酸碱反应、可与氧发生氧化反应、可被卤素等原子或基团取代。pKa≤9.95的氢原子可与氢氧化钠或氢氧化钾反应完全;pKa在10与16之间需在不断脱水条件下,反应才能进行到底;pKa=25时需与碱性更强的氨基钠才能反应完全。胺类化合物中与氮相连的氢原子比烃类化合物中与碳相连的氢原子容易被氧化。与饱和碳原子相连的氢原子易发生卤代反应,与不饱和碳原子相连的氢原子,只有苯环上的氢能反生取代反应,与氮和氧相连的氢原子能被烃基和酰基取代。

Due to the different molecular environment and different properties of hydrogen atom,hydrogen atom can react with alkali,oxidize with oxygen,and be replaced by halogen and other atoms or groups.Hydrogen atoms with pKa≤9.95 can react completely with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.The reaction can be carried out only under the condition of continuous dehydration between pKa 10 and 16.When pKa=25,it needs to react completely with sodium amino which is more basic.The hydrogen atoms connected with nitrogen atom in amines are more easily oxidized than those connected with carbon atom in hydrocarbons.The hydrogen atom connected with the saturated carbon atom is easy to be halogenated.For the hydrogen atom connected with the unsaturated carbon atom,only the hydrogen atom on the benzene ring can be replaced and the hydrogen atom connected with nitrogen and oxygen can be replaced by alkyl and acyl groups.