优化营商环境视野下动产让与担保的法律构造及效力——结合《民法典》相关规则的解释

The Legal Structure and Effectiveness of Chattel Transfer Guarantee for Optimizing Business Environment——Based on the Interpretation of Related Rules in the Civil Code

2019年,中国营商环境总体排名首度跻身全球前40,各项指标均有提升,唯独“获得信贷”指标持续走低。就让与担保而言,尽管其应用甚广,且已获得司法实践认可,然因欠缺成文法,其一直成为失分项。在统一担保理念下,让与担保可借《中华人民共和国民法典》第388条第1款,获得法律认可,《民法典担保制度解释》第68条明确了其基本规则。让与担保宜采担保权构造说。债权人实际占有担保财产的,可类推适用质权的规则。通过占有改定设定的让与担保,可适用《民法典》物权编的一般规则,并可类推适用其他动产担保的规范。

The World Bank ranked China’s general business environment the 40th in 2019 for the first time. All indicators,only except one, have improved in general. It is the indicator of “credit accessibility” that continues to fall. Transferguarantee is widely used in economic domain and has been recognized in judicial practice, but China has never scoredon this item due to the lack of the statutory law. Sect. 1 of Art. 388 of the Civil Code actually recognizes chattel transferguarantee and Art. 68 of the Interpretation of Guarantee System in Civil Code clarifies the basic rules.The chatteltransfer guarantee shall be structured through security rights. If the creditor possesses the property, the rules of pledgecan be applied by analogy. If the debtor possesses the property by changing the setting of chattel guarantee, the generalrules of property rights in the Civil Code and the norms of other chattel guarantee can be applied by analogy.