恩格斯晚年五封书信中的“否定性”意识形态观探析——兼驳“马恩对立论”

An Analysis of the “Negative” Ideology in Engels’ Five Letters in His Later Years——Refutation of “Marx-Engels Contradictions”

恩格斯在晚年的五封书信中对"意识形态"作出了"虚假的意识"的阐释,但这种"否定的"阐释并不是纯粹虚妄的"虚假意识论"意义上的,而是要通过凸显意识形态的"颠倒性""歪曲性"内涵来彰显意识形态在自身的发展过程中对现存的(因而是"肯定的")意识形态的"扬弃"原则。这一点通过恩格斯对意识形态中的宗教和哲学两个领域的发展过程的具体论述,同时与他晚年的"历史合力论"相结合,可以让我们很清楚地看到真实历史的意识形态领域是如何在自我扬弃中展开的。

Engels interpreted "ideology" as "false consciousness" in his five letters of his later years. However, this "negative" interpretation is not in the sense of the pure "false ideology", but by highlighting the "inversion" and "distortion" connotation of ideology, it shows the principle of "sublating" the existing(thus "positive") ideology in ideology’s own development process. Through Engels’ exposition of the development process of religion and philosophy in ideology, in combination with his "theory of historical resultant forces" of his later years, this interpretation can show us clearly how the ideological field of real history develops in self-sublation.