太谷区桃园养分投入、土壤养分状况及其与桃果品质的关系

Analysis of nutrient input,soil nutrient status and their relationship with fruit quality in Taigu peach orchards

【目的】了解太谷区桃园施肥、土壤养分和果实品质状况,以期为桃树的合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】选取太谷区15个有代表性的桃园,对其施肥现状进行调查,同时测定土壤养分含量和果实品质指标,并分析果实品质指标与养分投入量、土壤养分含量之间的相关性。【结果】太谷区桃园养分投入水平较高且所施肥料以化肥为主,总养分投入折纯量达到:氮(N)584.6 kg·hm-2、磷(P2O5)224.7 kg·hm-2、钾(K2O)109.3 kg·hm-2。桃园0~20 cm表层土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的平均含量分别为23.03、1.81、1.33、12.43 g·kg-1,其碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均含量分别为131.29、36.31、233.92 mg·kg-1。按照全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准评价,其土壤速效钾处于1级水平,全氮和有效磷含量均处于2级水平,有机质、全磷和碱解氮含量均处于3级水平,全钾含量处于4级水平。然而,与适宜施肥量相比,大多数桃园的施肥过量,且与土壤养分含量之间无显著相关性。15个桃园之间果实品质差异较大:桃的单果质量为192.80~243.48 g;果实硬度为6.89~8.92 kg·cm-2;果实中可溶性固形物的含量为10.12%~12.70%;还原糖含量为4.32%~6.43%;总酸含量为0.42%~0.69%;维生素C含量为2.92%~7.01%。在目前养分供应量的范围内,多数桃果实品质与养分投入量、土壤养分含量之间的相关性均不显著。【结论】太谷区应重视桃园的科学施肥,在保证产量的前提下,适量减少氮、磷养分的投入,增加有机肥的施用量,调整养分投入比例,从而达到提质增效的目的。

【Objective】In order to understand fertilizing status,soil nutrients and fruit quality in Taigu peach orchards,and to provide scientific basis for rational fertilization of peach orchards.【Method】Fifteen representative peach orchards in Taigu area were enrolled for the investigation of fertilizing status.Soil nutrient content and fruit quality indicators were measured,and the correlation between fruit quality indicators and nutrient input and soil nutrient content was analyzed.【Result】There was a relatively high level of nutrient input mainly with chemical fertilizers in peach orchards in Taigu.The nutrient input was the equivalent of 584.6 kg·hm-2 nitrogen(N),224.7 kg·hm-2 phosphorus(P2O5)and 109.3 kg·hm-2 potassium(K2O).The average contents of soil organic matter,total N,total P,total K,alkaline hydrolysis N,available P and rapidly available K in 0-20 cm topsoil were 22.03 g·kg-1,1.81 g·kg-1,1.33 g·kg-1,12.43 g·kg-1,131.29 mg·kg-1,36.31 mg·kg-1,233.92 mg·kg-1 respectively.According to the nutrient classification standard of the second national soil survey,rapidly available K content ranked at level 1,the content of total N and available P ranked at level 2,the content of organic matter,total P and alkaline hydrolysis N ranked at level 3,and total K content ranked at level 4.Compared with the reasonable fertilizing amount,most peach orchards were in a state of excessive fertilization,and there was no significant correlation between the fertilizing amount and the soil nutrient content.There were great quality discrepancies among 15 peach orchards.Single fruit mass ranged from 192.80 to 243.48 g;fruit hardness ranged from 6.89 to 8.92 kg·cm-2;soluble solids content ranged from 10.12%to 12.70%;reduced sugar content ranged from 4.32%to 6.43%;total acid content ranged from 0.42%to 0.69%;vitamin C content ranged from 2.92%to 7.01%.Within the scope of current nutrient supply,fruit quality had no significant correlation with nutrient input and soil nutrient content.【Conclusion】On the basis of ensuring the yield,scientific fertilization in peach orchards in Taigu should be strengthened.It was suggested that reducing the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient input,increasing the amount of organic fertilizer,adjusting the ratio of nutrient input,so as to achieve the purpose of improving quality and efficiency.