内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林火灾扑救公路网规划与评价

Planning and evaluation of forest fire highway network in the northern primitive forest region of the Great Xing’an Range in Inner Mongolia

【目的】为应对森林火灾对原始森林资源的威胁,提高应急资源的调配效率,更好保护原始林区的森林生态资源。【方法】以内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区公路网为研究对象,首先分析了该原始林区的公路网现状,接着提出了两种方法对该原始林区的公路网进行规划,并取其中最优的一种方法作为最终的规划方案,然后研究增设了用火点,最后对规划前后的公路网进行了评价。由于火灾发生的不可控性,因此本研究利用近5 a火灾频发地点的经纬度作为研究依据,首先对火灾频发地的地理坐标运用K-means进行聚类分析,并以此提出第一种路网规划方法;接着以TSP模型为基础提出第二种公路网规划方法,同时利用遗传算法进行求解,然后取每个聚类区域中两种规划方法的最优值。考虑到交通、水源等因素,根据聚类结果增加了7个用火点,最后采用路网密度和区域分割指数对规划后的公路网进行了评价。【结果】该原始林区近5 a火灾点聚为9类时经济效益达到最高值。以此为基础,规划后的路网密度达到1.84 m/hm2,超过了目前国有林区路网的平均密度1.8 m/hm2,区域分割指数中的区域面积均值和区域面积方差分别降低了45.4%和68.5%,规划方案较为合理。【结论】该规划方案符合原始林区的森林防火需要,能够对内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林防火公路网设计起到指导作用,对我国其他林区公路网设计具有借鉴作用。

【Objective】To deal with the threat of forest fire to the original forest resources,improve the allocation efficiency of emergency resources,and provide better protection for the forest ecological of the original forest area.【Method】Taking the highway network in the original forest region in the north of the Great Xing’an Range in Inner Mongolia as the research object,this paper first analyzes the current situation of the road network in the north of the original forest region,then proposes two schemes to optimize the road network in the original forest region and adds the supply depots according to the research,finally evaluates the road network before and after the optimization.Because of the uncontrollability of fire,this paper gives the analysis of the frequent fire geographic coordinates by k-means clustering based on the frequent fire location latitude and longitude of the last five years.Therefore,the first network optimization scheme is put forward.And then the second road network optimization scheme is proposed based on the TSP model.At the same time,the optimal values of these TSP model is calculated by using genetic algorithm.What’s more,according to the clustering results and considering factors such as traffic and water sources,7 supply depots are added.Lastly,the optimized road network is evaluated by road network density and regional segmentation index.【Result】The results show that the economic benefit reaches the highest value when the region is clustered into 9 categories.Based on this,the optimized road network density reaches 1.84 m/ha,exceeding the current average density of 1.8 m/ha in the state-owned forest area.Besides,the regional area mean and regional area variance in the regional segmentation index are reduced by 45.4%and 68.5%,respectively,indicating that the optimization scheme is more reasonable.【Conclusion】The optimized scheme meets the needs of forest fire prevention in the original forest region,and can play a guiding role in the design of forest fire prevention highway network in the original forest region in the north of the Great Xing’an Range in Inner Mongolia,and can be used for reference in the design of virgin forest road network in other parts of the world.