精神分析视野中的西方马克思主义意识形态理论——以意识形态话语与主体再生产为中心

Western Marxist Ideological Theory in the Perspective of Psychoanalysis:Focusing on Ideological Discourse and Subject Reproduction

自精神分析学派问世以来,主体不再被认为是笛卡尔"我思"意义上的主动的主体,而是一个被阉割的虚空主体,它表现为对意识形态话语的被动回应,且传统二元的主客关系也变成了"主体、客体与无意识"的三元关系。而现代社会的意识形态是大他者与实在界的奇特混合,它一方面扮演着大他者的角色,另一方面又属于实在界,因而,主体就表现为意识形态话语唤询之下的复杂主体。面对意识形态话语的唤询,不同的应答方式将再生产出不同类型的主体:福柯的话语机制将再生产出"自适应"的话语调停的主体;阿尔都塞的意识形态唤询方式将再生产出"断裂"的主体;而拉康对于实在界的应答则再生产出不在欲望面前让步的"坚执"的主体。在意识形态理论研究中,我们必须重视意识形态话语的唤询与主体之间的复杂关系,从而建构马克思主义的意识形态理论。

Since the emergence of psychoanalysis,the subject is no longer to be regarded as positive subject with Descartes’cogito,but as the void subject with castration,which is performed as passive responses to ideology,and the traditional dual relationship between the subject and object has been changed into the ternary relationship among subject,object and the unconscious.The ideology in the modern society is a peculiar mixture of the Other and the Real.It plays the role of the Other,and belongs to the Real on the other hand.Hence,the subject is performed as the complex subject under the interpellation of ideology.When dealing with ideology interpellation,different responses will reproduce different types of subject:the way of discursive mechanism that Michel Foucault advocates will generate a subject with"self-mastery";The interpellation of ideology of Louis Althusser will reproduce a subject with"break";The subject in response to the Real in Jacques Lacan will generate the subject in the name of"persistence",who is not compromise to his desire.In the study of ideology,importance should be attached to the complex relation between the ideology interpellation and the subject,thus building the ideology theory of Marxism.