农药在沉积物-水-生物体的污染特征综述

Pollution Status of Pesticides in Water-Sediment-Organisms:A Review

随着人们生产、生活使用农药等化工品的增加,越来越多的湖泊受到污染,其中被农药污染的湖泊占受污染湖泊比例较大,因此,全面了解湖泊的农药污染的状况及机制,对今后湖泊的生态修复十分重要。笔者简要介绍了在生活中常见的残留农药种类,综述了农药在沉积物、水、生物体当中的残留量,并总结了农药在积物-水-生物体的分配特征,简单地阐述了农药在水-沉积物-生物体的来源和生态风险。在水体、沉积物和水生生物体的水环境农药污染,以有机氯和有机磷为主,其中有机氯污染主要来自历史使用和新近使用,且有农药污染已对鲫鱼肝脏、肾脏和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)有明显抑制;农药在水、沉积物、水生生物体的分配特征中,以水生生物体的农药残留量最高;有部分湖泊已存在低生态风险。国内部分湖泊中存在低生态风险,在水体、沉积物、生物体中均检测到农药残留,并已出现农药残留累积的情况。

In China,more and more lakes are polluted by human activities,among which,the lakes polluted by pesticides account for a large proportion.Therefore,a comprehensive understanding of lakes’pollution by pesticides and its mechanism is very crucial for the ecological restoration of the lakes.The paper briefly introduced common pesticide residues in daily life,summarized the residue amount of pesticides in sediments,water and organisms,and studied the distribution characteristics of pesticide residues in sediment-waterorganisms.The sources and ecological risks of pesticides in water-sediment-organisms were explained.In the aquatic environment pesticide pollution of water bodies,sediments,and aquatic organisms,organochlorine and organophosphate account for a major part.Organochlorine pollution mainly comes from historical and current use of pesticides.The superoxide dismutase(SOD)in liver,kidney and muscle of crucian carps are significantly inhibited by pesticide contamination.Among the distribution status of pesticides in water,sediments and aquatic organisms,aquatic organisms have the highest pesticide residues.Some lakes in China have already had low ecological risks,pesticide residues are detected in water,sediments and organisms,and the accumulation of pesticide residues has been observed.