保护规范理论的始源形态——布勒公权论的再认识

The Original Form of Theory of Protective Norms——Rediscovering of Bühler's Theory of Subjective Public Rights

布勒的公权理论可谓保护规范理论的始源形态,应当立足于其历史脉络与整体结构来理解。在布勒的保护规范理论中,法规的强行性排除了裁量规范,但包含不确定法律概念的法规范仍具有强行性。私益保护目的以公私益的划分为基础,构成了布勒保护规范理论的核心要义。援用可能性不同于诉讼可能性,是指受保护的私人可以援用法规范请求行政机关为特定行为。只要法律并未明确排除,即可承认援用可能性的存在。经由布勒保护规范理论所得出的公权具有严格的法规从属性,但也使公权受立法者的宰制。此外,布勒所讨论的公权仅指以特定实体决定为内容的实体性公权,程序性公权被排除在外。在审判实践中,我国法院应对布勒的旧保护规范理论保持警觉,合理地确定行政诉讼的原告资格。

Bühler's theory of subjective public rights can be described as the original form of the theory of protective norms,and it should be understood in its historical context and overall structure.In Bühler's theory of protective norms,the mandatory nature of norms excludes discretionary norms,but legal norms containing uncertain legal concepts are still mandatory.The purpose of protecting private interests is based on the division of public and individual interests,and constitutes the core of Bühler's theory of protective norms.The possibility of recourse is different from the possibility of litigation,which means that a protected private person can request the administrative agency for a specific act in accordance with norms.As long as the law does not explicitly exclude it,the possibility of recourse is recognized.The subjective public right derived from Bühler's theory of protective norms depends on legal norms strictly,but also makes the subjective public right dominated by lawmakers.In addition,subjective public rights discussed by Bühler only refer to substantive subjective public rights whose content is determined by specific entities,and the procedural subjective public rights are excluded.In trial practice,our courts should be alert to Bühler's old theory of protective norms and determine the right to instigate legal proceedings reasonably.