“自己小心”:信息不对称与照料劳动中的健康风险规避策略

Be Careful:The Asymmetric Structure of Infectious Diseases Information and Health Risk Aversion Strategies in Care Labor

照料劳动涉及雇佣双方的身体卷入,雇佣双方的身体健康状况势必相互影响,尤其是传染性疾病。但无论在制度层面还是在实践层面,照料劳动雇佣双方的健康信息呈现一种不对称结构,即家政女工的健康信息属于被检查、确认、登记的对象,而雇主家庭的健康信息相对模糊,依赖雇主自己主动告知。雇佣双方健康信息不对称背后包含"客户是上帝"的市场认知逻辑和"外人是家庭威胁"的安全认知逻辑,并且双重认知逻辑在一定程度上使雇佣双方健康信息不对称正当化。面对雇主家庭健康信息"黑洞",月嫂通过接种疫苗、日常生活用品与雇主家庭分隔开、留心观察雇主家庭生活安排细节等策略来规避劳动过程中可能的健康风险。研究提醒,与雇主对家政女工进行虐待导致家政女工健康损害相比,雇主隐瞒家庭健康信息对家政女工的健康损害更为隐蔽;面对照料劳动中健康信息不对称带来的健康风险,家政服务行业需要帮助家政女工增权赋能,使其从个体化规避到制度性应对。

Care labor involves the physical involvement of both employers and employees, and their health status is bound to affect each other, especially with infectious diseases. However, no matter in the system level or in the practice level, the health information of both employers and employees presents an asymmetric structure, that is, the health information of female domestic workers belongs to the object to be checked, confirmed, and registered, while the health information of the employer’s family is relatively vague, which depends on the employer’s own initiative to inform. The asymmetry of health information of both employers and employees includes the market logic of"the customer is God"and the cognitive logic of"outsider is family’s threat". To a certain extent, they legitimize the asymmetry of health information of both employers and employees. Facing the"black hole"of the employer’s family health information,postpartum doulas need to be careful to deal with the health risks. In the process of care labor, postpartum doulas identify and avoid health risks by seeking active immunization against infectious diseases, separating daily necessities from the employer’s family, and paying attention to the details of the employer’s family life arrangements. The study reminds that, compared with the health damage caused by employers’ abuse of female domestic workers, the health damage caused by concealing family health information by employers is more hidden. Besides, in the face of health risks in care labor, the domestic service industry needs to help female domestic workers from individual avoidance to institutional response.