涂尔干思想中的情感力面相——论《自杀论》中现代社会的心态危机

Emotional Forces in Durkheim’s Thought:The Crisis of Mentality in Modern Society in Suicide

理解涂尔干的社会有多种方式。通过分析,我们可以发现社会作为物理力量、观念力和情感力的三个面相。物理力量主要体现在涂尔干解决"拒不妥协的个人主义"的困境,而观念力和情感力则用于解决个人如何融于社会之中又同时保持其个性的难题。社会不仅具有个人难以左右的外在客观性,还能作用于个人内心,通过观念力和情感力激发个人对社会的热情和崇敬之情从而获得神圣权威。在此,情感力作为集体欢腾、集体热情的一面得以影响个人。而《自杀论》则体现了社会作为情感力的另一作用方式:社会整合与社会规制的失效导致了现代社会的心态危机,并通过情感力将这种社会病症传达到个人身上。冷漠、激情、恼怒与厌恶不仅成为自杀者所持有的情感基调,同时也是现代人独有的情感状态。

There are various ways to understand what society is in Durkheim’s thought. By analyzing his thought, there are three perspectives to understand society: as the physical force, the force of idea, and as the emotional force. Physical force is used for solving what Durkheim called"intransigent individualism"in modern society, while the force of idea and emotional force are used for solving how individuals can integrate into the society and keep their personalities at the same time. Society not only has external objectivity, but also influences individuals’ hearts to obtain divine authority through commonly believed ideas, motivated individuals’ enthusiasm and the feelings of reverence for it. Thus, emotional force impacts individuals by collective effervescence and collective enthusiasm. However, in Suicide, society demonstrates itself as emotional force in another way: the invalidation of social integration and social regulation leads to the crisis of mental order in modern society, and social illnesses infect individuals by emotional force. Apathy, passion, irritation, and disgust become both the fundamental emotional tones of suicides and modern human beings’ unique feelings.