红河哈尼梯田世界文化景观遗产的遥感监测与土地覆盖变化

Remote Sensing Monitoring and Land Cover Change of the WorldCultural Landscape Heritage in Honghe Hani Terrace, China

红河哈尼梯田是中国重要的世界文化景观遗产,以森林、梯田、村寨、水系四度同构的人与自然高度协调的生态系统而著称。随着经济与旅游的发展,哈尼梯田自申报世界遗产以来,其文化景观不可避免地遭受干扰。遗产监测有助于及时了解遗产本体的保存现状和风险影响因素,确定遗产突出普遍价值以及制定规避风险的有效措施。文章基于红河哈尼梯田独特的文化景观特征,利用高分辨率卫星遥感影像对申遗前后的文化景观遗产要素进行遥感监测,分析其土地覆盖现状与变化趋势,探究遥感手段在遗产要素变化监测中的可行性与可靠性,对遥感在文化遗产监测中的应用具有一定的指导意义。结果表明,(1)红河哈尼梯田申遗后,景观格局基本没有发生改变,仍然以森林和梯田为主,其遗产要素的变化均在可控范围内。主要申遗范围坝达片区各遗产要素面积变化共为93.78 hm^(2),水田变化约占总变化面积的80%,其次是林地约占18%,其他遗产要素面积变化不大。(2)各遗产要素之间的面积变化以水田转变为林地和灌木林地为主,占总变化面积的57%,部分房屋建筑物拆迁变为灌木林地,说明申遗后相关的退耕还林政策与生态环境保护规划起到了明显成效。(3)随着旅游业的发展,以及村民生活条件改善的需求,部分梯田转变为道路和房屋建筑,但这些规划的合理性还需进一步核实与确认。(4)依据哈尼梯田的文化景观特征,监测文化景观遗产要素时的精细化程度比土地利用变化要求高,因此首选高分辨率遥感影像,建议空间分辨率达到1 m以上。

Honghe Hani Terrace is an important cultural landscape of the World Heritage in China,which is famous for its highly coordinated ecosystem of forests,terraces,villages,and water systems.With the rapid development of economy and tourism,Hani Terrace terraces has been inevitably disturbed since it was declared the World Heritage.Heritage monitoring is helpful to timely understand the preservation status and risk influencing factors of heritage,effectively determine the outstanding universal value and formulate measures to avoid risks.Therefore,based on the unique cultural landscape features of Honghe Hani Terrace,this study uses high-resolution satellite remote sensing images to conduct remote sensing monitoring of cultural landscape heritage elements and analysis of the present situation and change trend of land cover before and after declared the World Heritage,exploring the feasibility and reliability of remote sensing methods in monitoring changes of heritage elements which has a certain guiding significance for the application of remote sensing in the monitoring of cultural heritage.The result shows:(1)After declaring the World Heritage,the landscape pattern of Honghe Hani Terrace has not changed which is still dominated by forest and terrace,and changes of its heritage elements are all within a controllable range.The total change area of various heritage elements is 93.78 hectares,with the change of paddy field accounting for about 80%,followed by forests change accounting for about 18%,and other heritage elements area change little.(2)The main area change is the conversion of paddy field into forests and shrubland,accounting for 57%of the total area change.And some houses and buildings are converted into shrubland after demolition,indicating that the policy of returning farmland to forest and the planning of ecological environment protection after declared World Heritage have achieved obvious effect.(3)With the development of tourism and the improvement of living conditions,some paddy fields have been transformed into roads and buildings,but the rationality of these plans still needs to be further verified and confirmed.And(4)according to the cultural landscape characteristics of Hani Terrace,the refinement degree in monitoring cultural landscape heritage elements is higher than that of monitoring land use change.Therefore,high-resolution remote sensing image is preferred,and the spatial resolution is suggested to reach more than 1 meter.