文庙祭礼变动与16至18世纪中朝关系的演进——以朝鲜王朝启圣祠为中心

Qisheng Shrine Sacrificial Rites and the Evolution of Chinese-Korean Relationship from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries

朝鲜肃宗二十七年仿照明朝礼制在本国文庙内建成启圣祠,主祀孔父叔梁纥,这是自14世纪末在王京汉阳建成文庙后,朝鲜仅有的一次仿效中国礼制增添文庙祭祀建筑。由此反映出,明清鼎革之后,明朝礼制依然保有对朝鲜的主导性影响。与之形成对比,清朝在雍正年间改启圣祠为崇圣祠,朝鲜则始终保持启圣祠之称不改。此时中朝宗藩关系依然强固,但是朝鲜启圣祠与清朝崇圣祠的平行存在,透露出朝鲜礼仪文化一定程度的自主性,体现明清两代中朝关系中的一些差异性。这是观察16至18世纪中朝关系的整体演进趋向时应该注意的一条线索。

Following the practice of the mid-Ming ritual reform,in 1701,Korea built up a shrine dedicated to the father of Confucius,named Qisheng Shrine(启圣祠).Since the completion of the Confucian temple in the capital in the late 14th century,this was the only one adding to the Confucian temple in a way imitating the Chinese ritual system.It confirmed that the Ming ritual practice retained its influence on Korea even after the Ming’s collapse.In contrast,when the Qing had changed the name Qisheng Shrine into Chongsheng Shrine(崇圣祠)in Yongzheng period,the Koreans did not follow it at all.This phenomenon suggests that by the eighteenth century,when the suzerain vassal relationship between the Qing China and Joseon Korea remained stable,the parallel existence of Qisheng Shrine and Chongsheng Shrine indicated the existence of Korean cultural conscientious and some changes in China Chosŏn relationship from Ming to Qing.This can be an interesting clue in observation of the China-Korea relationship during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries.