论王定国统一的多重三易观

On Wang Dingguo’s Views of the Three Kinds of Changes

自古以来,关于三易众说纷纭。晚清举人王定国将图书之学与三易结合起来,认为《连山》《归藏》《周易》都是由四圣人而作,非夏、商、周三代之易。《归藏》易是先天八卦图和先天六十四卦次序图,“万物生于地而归于地”,所以《归藏》易又为地易,“地道主静而不变”,故又为不易。《连山》易是后天八卦图,为天易,“天道尚变”,又为变易。按《周易》卦序,卦皆一正一反一阳一阴,相对男女之义,故为人易;《周易》卦皆阴阳相交,故又为交易。王定国将《连山》《归藏》《周易》,天、地、人,不易、变易、交易三种三易统一起来,建立了自己统一的多重三易观理论。虽然王定国对《连山》《归藏》《周易》三易的考证不是十分严密,推测多于论证,但他力图系统阐释早期易学的努力是有积极意义的,特别是他把交易看作《周易》核心内容的观点是值得肯定的。此外,王定国在统一的多重三易观基础上,还提出了独特的“刚柔交易”理论,是对象数理论的丰富与发展。

Since antiquity,there have been different opinions about the three kinds of Changes,i.e.,Lianshan(Linked Mountains),Guicang(Return to the Hidden),and Zhouyi(Zhou Changes).Wang Dingguo(b.1768)incorporated the He tu(Yellow River Map)and Luo shu(Luo River Chart)theory and the three kinds of Changes into one,and contended that all the three kinds of Changes were composed by the four sages.As Guicang reveals the Former Heaven sequence of the eight trigrams and that of the sixty-four hexagrams,which means“the myriad things were produced from and return to the Earth”,Guicang can be attributed to the Changes of Earth.Since the“Dao of Earth dominates stillness”,what the Guicang manifests is the principle of non-change.What the Lianshan reveals is the Later Heaven sequence of the eight trigrams,the Changes of Heaven.As the Dao of Heaven advocates change,Lianshan is attributed to changeability.The sequence of the hexagrams in the Zhouyi reflects the interchanges between yin and yang,men and women,the Changes of mankind.As Zhouyi lays emphasis on the interaction between yin and yang,what it manifests is interchangeability.Therefore,Wang Dingguo incorporated the three changes of Heaven,Earth,and Humans,and the three changes of non-change,changeability,and interchangeability into one,and established his own unified theory for the three kinds of Changes.Although his views were filled with speculations and lack rigid textual research,his efforts to systematically interpret the source of the Changes have a positive significance,and particularly,his view that at the heart of the Zhouyi was interchangeability deserves affirmation.In addition,his unique theory about the interchangeability between soft and hard is an enrichment and development to the image-numerology.