《欧洲语言共同参考框架》扩展版对我国通用手语等级标准研制的启示

The Impact of CEFR Companion Volume on the Development of the Standards for Chinese Common Sign Language

通过分析《欧洲语言共同参考框架:学习、教学、评估》扩展版对手语能力的描述,提出我国通用手语等级标准的总体框架。该框架将手语能力分为语言能力、语用能力和社会语言能力3个部分,设置5个手语能力量表,分别为词汇能力量表、语法能力量表、表达内容量表、表达效果量表和社会语言能力量表。量表的级别在初步确定的"三级六等"的基础上,每个等级增加半级,以满足不同手语使用者的需求。对手语能力的考查,建议灵活使用多种方式,从语言理解和语言表达2个方面进行考查。

The Standards of Chinese Common Sign Language(SCCSL)is related to the quality of deaf people’s work,life and education and is of vital interests deaf people and the construction of harmonious society.The development of SCCSL is an important step toward standardization of sign language.The CEFR Companion Volume has divided sign language into three competencies,language competence,pragmatic competence and sociolinguistic competence.Each competence consists of 6 or 7 levels of descriptors.As a result,7 competence standards are generated with 250 descriptors.Based on the description and classification of sign language competence in the CEFR Companion Volume,this article proposes a general framework of the SCCSL that is in the development stage.The framework is based on the communicative competence model(Bachman,1990)and consists of three parts of sign language competence—language competence,pragmatic competence and social linguistic competence.Under the three competencies,there are five sub-competence frameworks.Language competence(LC)includes vocabulary and grammar,which focuses on deaf people’s ability to use sign language vocabulary and grammar.Pragmatic competence(PC)consists of two scales to measure deaf people’s ability to express the content and the effect of expression.Sociolinguistic competence(SC)measures the target group’s social behavior and etiquette,conventional and idiomatic expressions,including their ability to use language in certain social communicative circumstances.Regarding levels in the SCCSL,we suggest a 3×2 model,three dimensions and two levels for each dimension.By referring to the CEFR Companion Volume,the SCCSL could add plus levels to meet specific group needs and individual needs.For example,there could be a pre-level or a starter level before Level 3-b,an above 1-a after Level 1-a,and levels between Level 3-b and Level 1-a.For each competence dimension,to measure or assess target group’s ability of language comprehension and expression,multi-assessment methods could be applied to measure target group’s sign language competence,for example,watching sign language videos,formal sign language speech presentations,daily communication,and question-and-answer.The development of the SCCSL is not only a significant approach to catering for the weak group and their language,but also a necessary task for China to realize educational equity and construct a harmonious society.To develop a learner-centered standard of sign language with Chinese characteristics,the SCCSL can refer to CEFR Companion Volume and the features of Chinese sign language and language use environment and provide evidence for Chinese sign language learning,teaching,and qualification certification.