基于亲社会导向的内疚研究:回顾与展望

Research on guilt based on pro-social orientation:review and prospects

内疚是个体在自我道德评价过程中意识到自己或他人思想、言行违背了某种道德标准,并觉得自己应为之负责而产生的一种不愉悦的、自我聚焦的情绪体验。适度的内疚具有亲社会效用和道德发展功能,而过度的内疚则有害身心健康发展。现有研究不仅从内部焦虑、依恋关系、因果报应、交换互惠和脑神经机制等方面揭示了内疚产生的机制,还从道德发展水平、共情能力、认知归因、气质类型、教养方式等方面探讨了内疚情绪的影响因素。今后研究应在此基础上进一步强化对个体内疚情绪培育和管控路径的发掘,以充分发挥内疚在完善个体道德品质、促进人际合作、实现社会稳定和谐发展方面的积极作用。此外,进一步拓宽研究视角、统一研究范式,加强脑神经机制及跨文化研究等也是今后研究应予关注的重要方面。

Guilt is an unpleasant and self-focused emotional experience produced by individuals in the process of selfmoral evaluation when they realize that their own or others'thoughts,words and deeds violate a certain moral standard and feel they should be responsible for it.Moderate guilt has a pro-social effect and moral development function,while excessive guilt is harmful to physical and mental health development.Previous studies have not only revealed the mechanism of guilt from the aspects of internal anxiety,attachment,karma,exchange and reciprocity and neural mechanism,but also explored the influencing factors of guilt from the aspects of moral development level,empathic ability,cognitive attribution,temperament type and parenting style.Future research should further strengthen the cultivation and control of individual guilt on this basis,so as to give full play to the positive role of guilt in improving individual moral character,promoting interpersonal cooperation and realizing social stability and harmonious development.In addition,further broadening the research perspective,unifying the research paradigm,strengthening the brain neural mechanism and cross-cultural research are also important aspects that should be paid enough attention in the future research.