游牧行国到农耕邑居转型中的城市形态--迁都平城前拓跋政权的都城问题

An Urban Morphology from Nomadic Migrate to Settle Down:National Capital of the Pre-Tuoba(拓跋)

迁都平城前拓跋政权分为两个阶段:代政权时期和北魏初年(386-398年)。鲜卑拓跋部于首领猗卢时"城盛乐以为北都,修故平城为南都"。然而,通过对史料文献和考古资料的检讨,发现代政权时期除以盛乐为都外,尚有许多冠以"都"名号的城市,如盛乐宫、(故)平城、小平城等,后来尚有迁于东木根山、大宁等记载,而这些所谓"都"城的城市功能也较为简单,具有浓重的"王庭"或军事城堡的性质。拓跋珪复国后至迁都平城前的13年间也并不存在功能完善的都城。拓跋政权都城之所以呈现出此种特点,是由于这一时期拓跋鲜卑社会受农耕文化的影响凸显,正处在由游牧迁徙向城郭而居的过渡阶段。

There are two stages in The Pre-Tuoba(拓跋):the reign of the Dai dynasty and the early years of the northern Wei dynasty(386-398).Xianbei(鲜卑)Tuoba(拓跋)in the leader Yilu(猗卢)"city Shengle thought of the north,outdated Pingcheng for the south".However,through review of historical documents and archaeological data,found National Capital of the Dai-Tuoba(代-拓跋)except Shengle as the capital,there were many the city named"capital",such as Shengle city,outdated Pingcheng,Xiaopingcheng,and so on,afterwards there were moved Dongmugen mountain,Daning(大宁),while these so-called"capital"of city that the function is relatively simple,with the King's court(王庭)or the nature of the military castles.After the restoration of the country and before the move of Pingcheng,there was no capital with complete functions.The reason why the capital of Tuoba regime presented this characteristic was that Tuoba Xianbei society,under the influence of farming culture and was in the transition stage from nomadic migra-tion to living in the city.