民间借贷纠纷中夫妻共同债务的司法认定

Judicial Identification of Joint Debt of Couples in Private Lending Disputes

涉及夫妻共同债务的民间借贷纠纷案件的裁判结果对当事人及其婚姻、家庭影响极大,如何公正认定夫妻共同债务,是司法实践中的难题。《民法典》第1064条虽然明确界定了夫妻共同债务,但司法实践和理论界仍然对夫妻共同债务的认定存在不同观点。以私法自治为基石,以信赖原则为视角,结合比例原则,重新审视民间借贷纠纷案件中夫妻债务尤其是“特别共债”的认定问题,更具有正当性和说服力。“特别共债”是对举债人配偶特别设定的义务,在司法认定上应当以债权人对举债人配偶享有正当的信赖利益为前提,不宜任意扩大解释或加重举债人配偶的程序和实体义务。债权人对举债人配偶是否存在正当信赖利益,核心在于债权人是否有充足的理由相信举债人配偶亦是债务人。

The outcome of private lending disputes involving marital debts has an influence on the parties,their marriage,their family and ordinary citizens,thus,how to fairly identify the marital debts is a difficult problem in judicial practice.Although Article 1064 of the Civil Code clearly stipulates what is the marital debts,judicial practice and academic circle still have different views on the determination of this.Taking the private law autonomy as the cornerstone,the principle of trust as the perspective,and the principle of proportionality,it is more legitimate and persuasive to re-examine the identification of spousal debts,especially“special joint debts”in private lending disputes.“Special joint debt”is a special obligation for the borrower’s spouse.Judicial determination should be based on the premise that the creditor enjoys legitimate reliance interests on the borrower’s spouse.It is not appropriate to arbitrarily expand the interpretation or increase the procedural and substantive obligations of the borrower’s spouse.Whether the creditor has a legitimate trust interest in the borrower’s spouse,the core lies in whether the creditor has sufficient reasons to believe that the borrower’s spouse is also the debtor.