苏丹穆斯林兄弟会政治实践与理念的演变

The Development of the Political Practice and Ideology of the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood

苏丹穆斯林兄弟会成立之初受到埃及穆兄会的强烈影响,然而它保留了组织上的独立性。由于所处的政治、社会环境十分不同,苏丹穆兄会的政治实践走了一条不同于埃及穆兄会的道路。它在早期不直接参与议会政治,而将主要精力放在宗教教育上,并动员社会舆论来支持其主张的伊斯兰宪法。为了吸引尽可能多的人加入自己的行列,苏丹穆兄会于1964年成立了自己的政党,改变过去过度重视秘密性的组织方式。从此,苏丹穆兄会在政治实践中的实用主义色彩加重。在实用主义意识的影响下,穆兄会与曾经的敌人尼迈里政权达成和解,利用这一时机恢复和扩大自己的影响力,并且成功顺应尼迈里执政时期的社会变化,扩大了自己的社会基础。在议会民主制恢复后,穆兄会组建的全国伊斯兰阵线一跃成为议会中的第三大党。然而,它仍然无法通过议会政治的手段实现其政治目标。在这种情况下,它决定通过政变夺取政权。穆兄会依靠实用主义政治实践理念夺得政权。然而,在上台后,帮助它夺取政权的政治策略并不能使它实现建立“伊斯兰国家”的目标。

The Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood was highly influenced by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood since its forming time,but it kept its organizational independence.Because of great difference in surrounding political and social environments,the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood has adopted a way of political practice which is very different from that of its Egyptian mother organization.It conducted its early political practice as a pressure group.In 1964,it formed its own party to attract as many supporters as possible to join it,changing the organizational way that overwhelmingly emphasized secrecy.From then on,pragmatism has gained more weights in the political practice of the Muslim Brotherhood.With the consciousness of pragmatism,the Muslim Brotherhood reconciled itself with its former rival Numeiri Regime,taking this chance to recover and enlarge its influence.It also adapted to the social change during Numeiri’s rule,enlarging its social base.After the parliamentary democracy was restored,the National Islamic Front,the party formed by the Muslim Brotherhood,became the third largest party in the parliament,but it still failed to achieve its political aims.In this situation,it decided to take power by coup.The Muslim Brotherhood came into power by the pragmatist political strategy,which,however,failed to work when it strived to establish the“Islamic State”.