“15 分钟生活圈”视角下住宅小区与公共服务设施空间配置评价——以乌鲁木齐市为例

Evaluation of spatial allocation of residential quarters and public service facilities based on the perspective of“15 minutes life circle”:A case study of Urumqi City

新型城镇化高质量发展更加注重提升人民群众的幸福感和获得感,加大“15分钟生活圈”公共服务建设力度能有效提升人民群众生活满意度。基于国家“15分钟生活圈”建设要求使用高德地图POI数据,采用核密度估计、缓冲区分析、栅格分析等方法,对乌鲁木齐市公共服务设施的空间覆盖特征进行判断,对住宅小区与各类设施的空间匹配状况进行综合评价。研究表明:(1)不同类型基础公共服务设施的空间布局特征有所差异,既与住宅小区的集聚分布有一定关联,又体现了不同设施的属性特点。(2)不同类型的基础公共服务设施在住宅小区“15分钟生活圈”的覆盖率有一定的差异,以公交站点为代表的公共交通出行的覆盖率最高,便民商业设施中超市、果蔬店、理发店等日常服务设施的覆盖率相对高于银行、电讯营业厅等设施,教育设施中幼儿园覆盖率最高,其次为小学,中学的覆盖率相对较低。医疗设施服务覆盖率在各类型中差别不显著,卫生服务中心、药店、诊所基本都能实现95%的覆盖率。(3)不同类型基本公共服务与住宅空间配置达标率存在较明显区域差异。在人口分布越密集的区域,便民商业、教育、医疗、交通4类公共服务设施均达标的住宅小区比例越高,而人口密度相对较低的外围区域和新建城区医疗和便民商业设施的达标率偏低。(4)乌鲁木齐市建设“15分钟活动圈”应注重加强新建城区的公共服务配套,尤其是便民商业和基层医疗设施,老城区应加强改造过程中公共服务的更新配套。

The high-quality development of new-type urbanization focuses on improving people’s sense of happiness and gain.Increasing public service construction in the 15-minute life circle could effectively improve people’s life satisfaction.According to the requirements of the national“15 minute life circle”construction,using the POI data of Gaode map,using the methods of kernel density estimation,buffer analysis and grid analysis,this paper judges the spatial coverage characteristics of public service facilities in Urumqi,and comprehensively evaluates the spatial matching between residential areas and various facilities.(1)The spatial layout characteristics of different types of basic public service facilities are different,which are not only related to the agglomeration and distribution of residential quarters,but also reflect the attributes of different facilities.(2)The coverage of various basic public service facilities in the residential community’s 15-minute life circle has specific differences.The coverage rate of public transportation trips represented by bus stations is the highest.Supermarkets,fruit and vegetable shops,and barbershops are convenient commercial facilities.The coverage rate of daily service facilities is higher than that of banks,telecommunications,business halls,and other facilities.The kindergarten coverage rate in educational facilities is the highest,followed by primary schools,and the coverage rate in middle schools is low.The coverage rate of medical facilities is insignificantly different among several types,and health service centers,pharmacies,and clinics can achieve a 95%coverage.(3)There are obvious regional differences in the compliance rates of various basic public services and residential space allocation.In densely populated areas,the proportion of residential areas is high where public service facilities,such as convenience business,education,medical care,and transportation meet the standards,and the compliance rate of peripheral areas with relatively low population densities and new urban medical and convenience commercial facilities is low.(4)Constructing a 15-minute life circle in Urumqi should focus on strengthening public service facilities in newly built urban areas,especially convenience businesses and primary-level medical facilities.Old urban areas should strengthen public service by updating facilities during the transformation process.