唐代借贷契约掣夺条款探析

An Analysis of the Loan Contract Seizing Clause in Tang Dynasty

掣夺条款是唐代借贷契约中的一种特殊条款,掣夺制度的出现与唐代交易的支付方式有关,其功用是为了保障债权的实现。通过对契约文本的梳理和条款文字的解析,探析掣夺条款的功能与性质。一般认为,唐代借贷契约中的掣夺条款是一种担保,通过与现代担保的比较可以得知,掣夺的性质不属于担保,而是特殊的债权保障。借贷双方通过约定允许债权人私力救济,以实现债权,唐朝官方也以国家法律的形式承认这种私力救济的合法性,掣夺是中古时代公私观念、国家法律与私人债权保障需求共同作用的结果,与现代债权法规定有很大不同。

Expropriation clause is a special kind of loan contract in Tang Dynasty.The emergence of expropriation is related to the payment method of transaction in Tang Dynasty.This paper analyzes the function and nature of expropriation clause through sorting out the contract text and analyzing the text of the contract.The clause of expropriation in the loan contract of Tang Dynasty is generally regarded as a kind of guarantee.The creditor and the borrower agreed to allow the creditor private relief to realize the creditor’s right.The Official of Tang Dynasty also recognized the legality of such private relief in the form of national laws.It was the result of the joint action of public and private concepts,national laws and private creditor’s right security requirements in the Middle Ancient times,which was very different from the modern creditor’s right law.