《民法典》禁止性骚扰条款释论

Interpretation of Prohibiting Sexual Harassment Terms in China's Civil Code

《民法典》第1010条为不完全法条,规定了性骚扰侵权的特殊要件及单位的安全保障义务。在责任构成上,性骚扰的对象包括异性和同性;行为人须为故意,但有进一步类型化的必要;侵害的是受害人的性交流自由,与性自主权、名誉权、劳动权等不同。行为人是否“利用职权、从属关系”不是单位承担责任的要件,而是单位是否违反安全保障义务的判断依据;单位违反安全保障义务应承担相应的补充责任。就举证责任而言,单位未采取相应措施的,应推定其存在过错,此种推定不可通过反证推翻。

Article 1010 of China's Civil Code is an incomplete provision,which stipulates the special elements of sexual harassment infringement and the security obligation of the unit.In terms of the composition of responsibility,the victims of sexual harassment include the opposite sex and the same sex.The actor must be intentional,but there is a need for further typification,and what he violates is the victim’s freedom of sexual communication,which is different from sexual autonomy,the right to reputation,the right to work labor and so on.Whether the actor is"taking advantage of his position and power or a superior-subordinate relationship"is not an element of the unit's responsibility,but the basis for judging whether the unit violates the security obligation.As far as the burden of proof is concerned,if the unit does not take corresponding measures,it shall be presumed that it is at fault,and such resumption cannot be overturned by counterevidence.