土耳其军人国家体制及其困境:基于国家—社会关系视角的分析

Turkish Military State System and Its Dilemma:An Analysis from the Perspective of State-Society Relations

关于土耳其军人为何发生周期性政变的研究已有很多,本文拟从“国家—社会关系”的角度,分析土耳其共和国军人为何发生周期性政变。在凯末尔时代,军人代表国家、军人保护“凯末尔主义”的观念和制度逐渐确立,军人国家体制渐渐成型,但这一体制没能实现广泛的政治整合。在民主化阶段,代表国家的军人与社会基础更好的政治精英发生激烈对抗。西方军政关系理论的前提预设一致认为,军人必须保持政治中立,从而保证军人国家化,但土耳其的军人却通过政治化的方式实现了国家化。土耳其在有限政治整合的情况下进行民主化,以及军人政治化与国家化,是理解土耳其军人周期性发动政变的关键。

While many studies have been conducted on the reasons for the periodic coups of the Turkish military,this paper aims to explore the reasons for the periodic coup in the Turkish Republic from the perspective of“state-society relations”.During the Kemal era,the concept and system of the military representing the state and the military protecting Kemalism were gradually established,and the military state system gradually took shape.However,this system failed to achieve broad political integration.In the democratization period,the military,representing the state,was in fierce confrontation with the political elite,which had a better social support.While Western theories of civil-military relations presuppose that the military must remain politically neutral to ensure its nationalization,Turkey’s military has nationalized itself through politicization.Turkey’s democratization with limited political integration and the politicization and nationalization of the military are key to understanding the periodic coups by the Turkish military.