构成要件和犯罪体系

On the Constitutive Elements and the Criminal System

日本的阶层犯罪体系理论取道德国,其经历了从贝尔纳体系向李斯特体系的转变。相应地,日本的构成要件论也经历了特别构成要件和一般构成要件的分歧。同时,日本的刑事立法中也存在与其理论体系相龃龉的现象。这也是导致理论以及实务中问题产生的原因。鉴于此,有必要从以下两方面明确探讨犯罪论体系的实际意义:第一,区分刑法上的“构成要件”和刑事诉讼法上的“构成犯罪的事实”;第二,在刑事政策上,具有采纳阶层体系的必要性。如果刑法不采纳政策上的“保安处分”,只注重刑罚这一法效果的话,只要坚持“责任主义”,“要件体系”也是行得通的。

The hierarchy criminal system of Japan is derived from Germany,which has undergone a transformation from the Berner's system to the Liszt's system.Correspondingly,the theory of elements in Japan has also diverged into the special elements and the general elements.Simultaneously,Japan's criminal legislation also has differences from its theoretical system.This is also the cause of the problems in theory and practice.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify the practical significance of exploring the criminal system from the following two aspects.First,a distinction between the“constitutive elements”in criminal law and the“facts that constitute a crime”in criminal procedure law should be made;second,it is necessary to adopt a hierarchical system in the criminal policy.If the criminal law does not adopt the“security measures”in its policy but only pays attention to the effect of the penalty,as long as it adheres to the“responsibility”,the“system of elements”will work.