快乐:需求的满足与欲望的节制--伊壁鸠鲁的快乐主义

Pleasure:the Satisfaction of Needs and the Temperance of Desire-Epicurean Hedonism

伊壁鸠鲁将“快乐”视为人生的最高价值,认为其是一种没有痛苦、烦扰的身心状态,因此追求快乐就要满足快乐的需求。但人们在追求快乐时要区别于享乐主义,要用理性节制欲望。欲望分为自然而必要的、自然但不必要的与既不自然也非必要的。需求与欲望有根本的区别,只有自然且必要的欲望才是需求。简单地去满足欲望会带来痛苦,痛苦的消除也不是快乐。真正的快乐是应当遵循德性的指导,既满足需求又要节制欲望,使心灵获得安宁,这才是最高的善。

Epicurus regarded“pleasure”as the highest value of life,and it is a state of mind and body free from pain and disturbance.Therefore,to pursuit pleasure is to meet the needs of pleasure.But it is must be distinguished from hedonism when people pursue pleasure,while they must use rational moderation to control desire.Desire is divided into natural and necessary,natural but unnecessary,and neither natural nor necessary.There is a fundamental difference between needs and desires.Only natural and necessary desires are needs.Simply satisfying desires will bring pain,and the elimination of pain is not pleasure.True happiness is to follow the guidance of virtue,to satisfy the needs and to control the desires,to make the soul peace,and to be the highest good.