祖先本质的多面性与[亻革]家祭祖仪式研究——铸牢中华民族共同体意识的一个思考视角

Study on the Multi-faceted Nature of Ancestors and the Rituals of Ancestor Worship of Gejia Ethnic people——One Thinking Perspective about Constructing the Community Consciousness of Chinese Nation

祖先崇拜是中华民族文化的一个悠久传统。通过敬拜祖先来培育忠孝伦理价值观和爱国主义精神是学界长期关注的议题。而祖先本质问题一直是人类学研究中历久弥新的一个重要内容。基于一个[亻革]家村寨的鲜活案例,本文呈现出祖先本质多面性所蕴含的复杂的家族文化体系,回归祖先崇拜与家族村落社会治理以及国家认同的基础性问题。案例表明,[亻革]家建构的祖先本质多面性的观念,是其家长权力在祖先灵魂世界中的投射。家长借助祖先权力,通过举行一系列的祭祖仪式来惩罚有失伦理道德者,其动机在于及时纠正社会结构的异常状态。反复操演的祭祖仪式,使祖先的本质和权力成为维系家族社会运作的一种文化资源,既培养了社会个体忠孝于家庭、家族和祖先的伦理价值观,也培养了家族社会的共同体意识,更是培养了家族对国家的高度认同。而个人忠孝于家族、家族忠孝于社会和国家的伦理价值观,正是培养中华民族共同体意识的重要基础。因此,这一案例研究为铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践体系提供了一个有益的思考视角。

Ancestral worship as a tradition of Chinese culture enjoys long history. It is a long-term concern of the academic circles to cultivate the values of loyalty, filial piety, ethics and patriotism through ancestor worshiping. The issue of ancestral nature has always been an important issue in anthropology. Based on a case study of an ethnic Gejia village, this paper presents the complex family culture system contained in the multi-faceted nature of ancestors, and returns to the basic problems of ancestor worship, social governance of family village society and national identity. The case study shows that the multi-faceted concept of the ancestral nature constructed by Gejia is the projection of parental power in the ancestral soul world. With the help of ancestral power, parents punish those who are unethical by holding a series of ancestral ceremonies, the motive of which is to correct the abnormal state of social structure in time. The repeated ritual of ancestor worship makes the essence and power of ancestors become a kind of cultural resource to maintain the operation of family society. It not only cultivates the ethical values of loyalty and filial piety to parents, families and ancestors, but also cultivates the community consciousness of family society, and also cultivates the family’s high recognition of the country. The ethical values of individual loyalty and filial piety to the family and family loyalty and filial piety to the society and the country are the important foundation for cultivating the sense of community of the Chinese nation. Therefore, this case study provides a useful perspective for the practice system of Chinese naional community consciousness.