草原工矿业开发与牧民可持续生计研究——基于发展型社会政策逻辑

Study on the Development Industry and Mining on the Grassland and Sustainable Livelihood of Herdsmen——Basing on the Logic of Developmental Social Policy

草原工矿业开发的复杂面相使牧民的可持续生计成为重要议题。聚焦于个人和家庭可持续生计的发展型社会政策为解决当代经济社会发展的诸多关键性议题提供了一种整体协同的发展思路。本文在梳理发展型社会政策与可持续生计分析框架二者关联的基础上,构建了工矿业开发—可持续生计框架,并运用定量研究方法对内蒙古西部草原某铜矿开发区的牧民生计资本进行评估,揭示了牧民生计资本与生计策略的关系,同时探讨阻碍牧民实现可持续生计的原因。研究表明:牧民的自然资本、金融资本和社会资本存量较低;自然资本越高的牧民越倾向从事牧业型或混合型生计策略;人力资本、金融资本和社会资本的增加能显著提高牧民选择非牧业型生计策略的概率;铜矿开发的负外部性及牧民自身的资本短缺限制了牧民的生计方式调整意愿。在发展型社会政策的逻辑下,树立生态优先的工矿业发展战略、构建多元主体共同参与的工矿业发展机制、加大对牧民人力资本的投资力度等政策路径将有助于实现牧民可持续生计。

The complex development of grassland industry and mining makes the sustainable livelihood of pastoralist an important issue.Developmental social policies that focus on sustainable livelihoods for individuals and families provide a holistic and coordinated approach to development that addresses many key issues of contemporary economic and social development.On the basis of reviewing the relationship between developmental social policy and sustainable livelihood analysis framework, this paper constructs the framework of industrial and mining development-sustainable livelihood.Using quantitative research method to evaluate the livelihood capital of pastoralist in a copper mine development zone in the western grassland of Inner Mongolia, the article reveals the relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of herdsmen and explores the factors that hinder pastoralist to realize sustainable livelihood.Research shows that pastoralist’s natural capital, financial capital and social capital stock is low;herders with higher natural capital tend to engage in pastoral or mixed livelihood strategies;the increase of human capital, financial capital and social capital can significantly increase the probability of pastoralist choosing non-pastoral livelihood strategies;the negative externality of copper mine development and the shortage of herdsmen’s own capital limit the herdsmen’s willingness to adjust their livelihood means;under the logic of developmental social policy, policy paths such as establishing ecological priority strategy for industrial and mining development, constructing the development mechanism of industrial and mining industry with multi-subject participation, and increasing investment in the human capital of herdsmen will help herdsmen to achieve sustainable livelihoods.