马克思对启蒙主义自由观的继承与改造--马克思书报检查问题文献的哲学解读

Karl Marx’s Inheritance and Transformation of the Enlightenment View of Freedom--Philosophical Interpretation of Marx's Comments on Press Censorship

马克思关于普鲁士书报检查问题有三份重要文献,由于1842年之前马克思的成长环境的特殊文化因素,马克思的这组文献是对启蒙主义自由观的继承和改造:马克思将自由视为人的天性、本质;不同于启蒙主义者的是,马克思一开始就能够从社会历史的视角去观察自由的实际形态,认为自由必须采取“法律形式”而存在。马克思在感性上看到了阶级或者阶层的差别,为了拯救特权阶级的特殊自由,便会斥责人类本性的普遍自由。只有消灭阶级差别,自由作为人的天性和本质才能真正实现。马克思区分了自由的高级形式和低级形式,由于头脑的解放--思想的解放,社会关系、社会制度才能得到改善,手脚才会解放--劳动才不会成为奴役劳动或者说异化劳动,从而达到人全面解放、全面发展。保护精神自由,特别是审美自由,会成为真正实现人类的普遍自由之重要途径。这是1842年的马克思为人类文明所作出的伟大贡献。

Marx had written three important comments on Prussian censorship issues.Due to the special cultural fac-tors of Marx's growth environment before 1842,these documents written by Marx had been the inheritance and transforma-tion of the Enlightenment view of freedom:Marx regards freedom as a human nature or essence;different from the Enlight-enmentists,Marx was able to perceive the actual form of freedom from the perspective of social history at the very begin-ning,and believed that freedom must exist in a“legal form.”In regards to perception,Marx sees the difference betweenclasses or strata;in order to save the special freedom of the privileged class,said difference would condemn the universalfreedom of human nature.Only when class differences are eliminated,can freedom as a human nature and essence be trulyrealized.Marx distinguishes the higher-level and lower-level forms of freedom.Thanks to the emancipation of the mind——namely the emancipation of the ideas,social relations and social institutions can be improved,thus physical liberation canbe achieved——labor will no longer become slave labor or alienated labor,so as to achieve the all-round emancipation andcomprehensive development of people.Protecting spiritual freedom,especially aesthetic freedom,will become an importantway to truly realize the universal freedom of mankind.This is the great contribution made by Marx to human civilization in1842.