领导性治理者:对士大夫的历史政治学研究

Scholar-Bureaucrat as Leading-Governor:A Study from the Perspective of Historical-Political Science

;历史学早已揭明秦汉之际郡县制国家治理者由文法吏转变为士大夫的事实,从政治学和公共行政学角度研究这两类政治主体的品质与行动逻辑,发现秦汉之际的文法吏是典型的韦伯式官僚,士大夫则融官僚、政治家,教化者角色于一体,是“领导性治理者”,其行动逻辑完全不同于官僚;当代中国的“干部”与士大夫群体有构成上的传承性,又有更强的组织性、纪律性。因此,以官僚制理论研究中国传统和当代政治是不恰当的,中国政治学和行政学应建立深入研究士大夫—干部的学术分支。

Historic science has shown evidence that as state governors, Scholar-bureaucrats(Shi da fu)replaced Law-enforcer(Wen fa li)in the middle Western-Han Dynasty. This article explores qualities and action logic of these two types of political agent from the perspective of politics and public administration, and the most important finding are that Law-enforcer is a typical Weberian bureaucrat;however, the scholar-bureaucrats integrate the roles of bureaucrat, politician, and cultivator. As "leading-governors", their action logic is completely different from that of bureaucrats;correspondingly, contemporary Chinese "cadres" have the same attributes with Scholar-bureaucrat, despite the fact that they are more organized and disciplined. It is not appropriate therefore to study Chinese ancient and contemporary politics and administration with the theory of bureaucracy. Instead, Chinese scholars have responsibilities and conditions to establish a specific academic branch that can make in-depth studies on scholar-bureaucrats and cadres.