《黄帝内经》《黄帝外经》成书于西周问题

Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Waijing compiled in the Western Zhou

《汉书·艺文志》载“《黄帝内经》十八卷,《外经》三十七卷”。学术界多从皇甫谧《针灸甲乙经·序》今本《针经》(《灵枢》)《素问》即《内经》之见,并认为《黄帝外经》散佚已久。而考察历代史志可知,随着《黄帝内经》《黄帝外经》渐失记载,《黄帝素问》《黄帝针经》两个系统的传承脉络日益清晰,至《清史稿·艺文志》所载书目,《素问》《灵枢》显为二书无疑。根据中国古代社会发展进程、周代医事制度、伊尹医药成就、医生称谓“巫”“工”“医”的时代演变等,笔者认为《黄帝内经》《黄帝外经》似只可能成于国家政权高度集中的西周,而不可能成于战乱频仍的战国。《黄帝内经》很可能是应周代“疾医”“食医”需求而撰,其传承撰著即今本《素问》,内容涵盖了大内科系统;《黄帝外经》很可能是应周代“疡医”需求而撰,其传承撰著即今本《灵枢》,内容涵盖了人体大体解剖、针灸、疮疡、按摩、导引等,与大外科系统相当。

There are 18 volumes of Huangdi Neijing(黄帝内经,Inner Canon of Huangdi)and 37 volumes of Waijing in Hanshu:Yiwenzhi.Base on Huangfu Mi's preface to Zhenjiu Jiayi Jing(针灸甲乙经,Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion),"Now there are Classic of Acupuncture and Plain Questions that are Neijing",and researchers think Huangdi Waijing has been lost for a long time.However,the study of historical records shows that with the gradual loss of records in Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Waijing,the inheritance of Huangdi Suwen and Huangdi Zhenjing has become increasingly clear.From the bibliography of Yiwenzhi of Qingshi Gao,Suwen and Lingshu were undoubtedly two books.According to the development process of ancient Chinese society,the medical system of Zhou Dynasty,the achievements of Yiyin medicine,and the evolution of doctors'Appellations of"Wu"(Wizard),"Gong"(craftsman)and"Yi"(physician),this paper thinks that Huangdi Neijing and Huangdi Waijing can only be written in the Western Zhou Dynasty,while the state power was highly concentrated,not in the Warring States period.Huangdi Neijing was probably written in response to the needs of"disease medicine"and"food medicine"of the Zhou Dynasty.Its inheriting writing is the current edition of plain questions,covering the major internal medicine system;Huangdi Waijing is likely to be written in response to the needs of"skin and external diseases medicine"of Zhou Dynasty,and its inheriting writing is the current version of Lingshu(灵枢,Miraculous Pivot),covering the general anatomy of the human body,acupuncture,sores,massage,guidance,etc.,quite the grand surgical system.