牟宗三心学式解决德福一致问题之反思

Reflection on Mou Zongsan’s Understanding of the Consistency of Virtue and Happiness through Mind Study

西方在基督教传统之下,以为上帝依人心之动机而来分配幸福,而在中国哲学之非基督教传统,牟宗三先生则以自由无限智心的一念之转即于存在界而能幸福。如此一来,即使这个存在界并非完美,却也能随心而转,以致点石成金。从儒家立场出发,牟先生的“心转”,虽也是儒家面对“德福一致”时的一种说法,却非全部。张载《西铭》中讲:“贫贱忧戚,庸玉汝于成。”此虽近于心转之意味,但在孟子却不仅止于此。孟子尚有革命之说,并以为“一念心”对于存在界之幸福,亦只是“求之有道,得之有命”,起不了作用。从某一侧面来看,牟先生的“心转”,只是以“幸福感”代替了“幸福”,与康德的“幸福之为经验的实在”实际上有所不同。幸福是存在界之事,幸福感则是主观之感受,牟先生的解决方式,似乎不能完满地解决问题。

For Christianity,happiness is gained from the God according to the motive of the human heart.However,Chinese philosophy is different from Christianity,and so Mr.Mou Zongsan believes that happiness in the world of existence comes from the turning of the free and infinitely wise heart.In this sense,even though the world of existence is not perfect,the turning of one’s heart can perform wonders and bring happiness about.From the standpoint of Confucianism,Mr.Mou’s“turning of heart”is also a valid statement concerning“the unity of virtue and happiness”,but not covering all.Zhang Zai once talked of“adversity making one successful,”which is close to“turning of heart.”But Mencius went further,who preached revolution,and believed that happiness gained through the“turning of heart”in the world of existence was not effective because fate mattered much.In a sense,Mr.Mou’s“turning of heart”has only replaced“happiness”with“the sense of happiness”,which is actually different from Kant’s view that“happiness is the reality of experience”.Happiness is a matter of existence,while the sense of happiness is a subjective feeling.So,Mr.Mou’s approach does not seem to solve the problem perfectly.